Abstracts
Abstract
Across countries, union membership and voter turnout are highly correlated. In unadjusted terms, union members maintain a roughly 0.10 to 0.12 point gap in voting propensity over non-members. We motivate empirically and propose a model—with three causal channels—that explains this correlation and then empirically tests for the contribution of each channel to the overall union voting gap. The first channel by which union members are more likely to vote is through the so-called "monopoly-face" of unionism (i.e., unionization increases wages for members and higher incomes are a significant positive determinant of voting). The second is the so-called "social custom" model of unionism, which argues that union co-worker peer pressure creates incentives to vote amongst members for the purpose of having cast a ballot or being seen at the voting poll. The third and final channel is based on the "voice-face" of unionism whereby employees who are (or have been) exposed to the formalities of collective bargaining and union representation at the workplace are also more likely to increase their attachment to structures of democratic governance in society as well. We test to see how much of the raw "union voting premium" is accounted for by these three competing channels, using contemporary data from 29 European countries. We find that all three channels are at work, with voice the dominant effect (half of the overall gap attributed to this channel) and the other two (monopoly and social custom), each accounting for approximately one-fourth of the overall union voting gap.
Keywords:
- civic engagement,
- unionization,
- voting premium
Résumé
Parmi plusieurs pays, l’adhésion syndicale et le taux de participation lors de scrutins populaires sont fortement corrélés. En termes non-ajustés les électeurs qui sont membres de syndicats présentent un taux de participation d’environ 0,10 à 0,12 points de pourcentage plus élevé que les électeurs non-syndiqués. Nous postulons et justifions un modèle, comprenant trois types de causes, qui explique cette corrélation, puis testons empiriquement la contribution de chacun à l’écart de participation global en faveur des électeurs syndiqués.
En premier lieu, la dimension dite « monopolistique » du syndicalisme (c.-à-d. que l’action syndicale permet aux membres d’accroître leurs salaires alors que justement un des éléments déterminants du taux de participation électorale est le fait d’avoir un revenu plus élevé) favoriserait une plus grande participation électorale. En second lieu, le modèle de « tradition sociale » véhiculée par les syndicats constituerait un incitatif pour les électeurs syndiqués à aller voter soit pour avoir le sentiment d’accomplir leur devoir d’électeur ou encore pour être vu par leurs collègues comme ayant accompli ce devoir. Enfin en troisième et dernier lieu le fait, pour des électeurs, d’être (ou d’avoir été) exposés comme employés, aux structures formelles de la négociation collective et de la représentation syndicale dans les milieux de travail, ce que l’on considère comme un des rôles fondamentaux du syndicalisme soit d’être un « porte-parole » ou en anglais « Voice–Face », les inciteraient aussi à développer davantage d’attachement envers les structures de gouvernance démocratique dans la société.
Nous cherchons à vérifier quelle proportion de cette « prime du vote syndical » brute au taux de participation électorale est redevable à ces trois types de facteurs à partir de données contemporaines en provenance de 29 pays européens. Nous observons que les trois types de facteurs sont bel et bien à l’oeuvre, le facteur de type « porte-parole » ou « Voice » ayant un effet dominant (comptant pour environ la moitié de l’écart global - ou de la prime - observé) tandis que les deux autres types de facteurs (dimension monopolistique et tradition sociale) comptant environ chacun pour le quart de l’écart global.
Mots-clés :
- engagement civique,
- syndicalisme,
- prime au vote
Resumen
En muchos países, la membrecía sindical y la participación electoral son fuertemente correlacionados. Grosso modo y sin ajuste, los miembros sindicalizados mantienen alrededor de 0.10 a 0.12 puntos de distancia en la propensión al voto comparativamente a la propensión, más baja, de los no sindicalizados. Se propone aquí un modelo – con tres modalidades causales- que explicarían esta correlación y se efectúan verificaciones empíricas para evaluar la contribución de cada canal a la explicación de esta brecha en el voto de los sindicalizados. La primera modalidad se refiere a los miembros sindicalizados que serían más propensos a votar que corresponden a la llamada « imagen monopólica » del sindicalismo (el sindicalismo aumenta el ingreso de los miembros y los altos salarios son un determinante positivo de la participación al voto). La segunda modalidad es el llamado modelo sindical de « clientela social » con el argumento que la presión de los trabajadores sindicalizados sobre sus colegas crea incentivos para ir a votar con el propósito de depositar un voto o de ser visto en los sondajes electorales. La tercera y última modalidad está basada en la « imagen de vocero » del sindicalismo por el cual los empleados que son o han sido expuestos a las formalidades de la negociación colectiva y de la representación sindical en el medio laboral son más propensos a aumentar su adhesión a las estructuras de gobierno democrática en la sociedad. Se evalúa que proporción de esta « prima del voto sindical » es explicada por cada una de estas tres modalidades utilizando, para esto, datos contemporáneos de 29 países europeos. Los resultados muestran que las tres modalidades juegan un rol, con un efecto dominante de la « imagen de vocero » (contribuye a explicar la mitad de la brecha); las dos modalidades contribuyen cada una a un cuarto de la explicación de la distancia global en el voto de los sindicalizados.
Palabras clave:
- implicación cívica,
- sindicalización,
- prima del voto
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Appendices
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the helpful research assistance of Bertrand Valery and Eva Paniagua. Alex Bryson would like to thank the Norwegian Research Council (grant number 202647) for funding.
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