Abstracts
Summary
This article seeks to identify organizational structures and processes that contribute to incorporating immigrant identities and fostering democratic participation in unions. Empirical analysis is based on ethnographic observations conducted in four local branches within the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) of the USA that underwent the Justice for Janitors campaign. Despite the fact that all four local unions experienced external revitalization owing to the campaign, internal renewal was most successful in Los Angeles, least in Washington DC, and somewhat successful in Boston and Houston. For each of the cases, I examine the connection between external dimensions of revitalization—initial mobilizing efforts, bargaining power, and political power—and organizational contexts for renewal—formal and informal structures for participation, and the engagement of immigrant members in union activities. While the union revitalization literature has argued that internal union renewal facilitates external revitalization, how external revitalization affects sustained internal renewal has not yet been examined thoroughly. Most studies examining the relationship between internal and external revitalization have had a relatively narrow window of observation ending typically with successful union recognition; thus, we lacked an understanding of the dynamic relationship between internal and external revitalization over time. The present findings suggest that external revitalization can assist internal renewal. However, building a powerful union did not automatically guarantee democratic participation, and acquiring more economic power through the merging of local unions weakened representational structures. The present results confirm the importance of studying revitalization as a process instead of an outcome, an argument which has been advanced by scholars, yet rarely practiced.
Keywords:
- social movement unionism,
- member participation,
- movement sustainability
Résumé
Cet article cherche à identifier les processus et les structures organisationnelles qui contribuent à l’intégration des identités chez les immigrants et à la promotion de leur participation démocratique au sein des syndicats. L’analyse empirique repose sur des observations ethnographiques menées auprès de quatre succursales du Syndicat international des employés de service (Service Employees International Union) des États-Unis qui ont lancé la campagne Justice pour les concierges (Justice for Janitors). Malgré le fait que les quatre syndicats locaux aient connu une certaine revitalisation externe du fait de cette campagne, le renouvellement interne fut le mieux réussi à Los Angeles, un peu moins à Washington DC, et assez réussi à Boston et Houston. Dans chacun des cas, nous examinons la relation entre les dimensions externes de revitalisation – efforts initiaux de mobilisation, pouvoir de négociation, et pouvoir politique – et les contextes organisationnels favorisant le renouvellement – structures formelles et informelles de participation −, ainsi que l’engagement des membres immigrants dans les activités syndicales. Bien que la littérature sur la revitalisation syndicale soutienne que le renouvellement syndical interne facilite la revitalisation externe, la manière dont la revitalisation externe affecte durablement le renouvellement interne n’a pas encore fait l’objet d’un examen approfondi. La plupart des études examinant la relation entre revitalisation interne et externe n’ont eu qu’une fenêtre relativement étroite d’observation se terminant typiquement avec la reconnaissance du syndicat; ainsi il nous manque une compréhension de la relation dynamique entre revitalisation interne et externe dans le temps. Nos résultats suggèrent que la revitalisation externe peut agir comme support au renouveau interne. Toutefois, la construction d’un puissant syndicat ne garantit pas automatiquement la participation démocratique, tout comme le renforcement du pouvoir économique à travers les fusions de syndicats locaux peut affaiblir les structures de représentation. Ces résultats confirment l’importance d’étudier la revitalisation en tant que processus plutôt que comme un résultat, un argument souvent mentionné pas les chercheurs, mais rarement mis en pratique.
Mots-clés :
- mouvement social,
- syndicalisme,
- participation des membres,
- renouveau syndical
Resumen
Este artículo busca identificar las estructuras y los procesos organizacionales que contribuyen a la integración de identidades inmigrantes y a fomentar la participación democrática en los sindicatos. El análisis empírico se basa en observaciones etnográficas conducidas en cuatro secciones locales del Sindicato internacional de empleados de servicios de Estados Unidos que sostuvieron la campaña Justica para los conserjes. A pesar de resultados variados, las cuatro secciones locales experimentaron cierta revitalización externa como consecuencia de la campaña; la renovación interna fue exitosa en Los Ángeles, menos en Washington DC, y más o menos exitosa en Boston y Houston. En cada caso, se examina la conexión entre las dimensiones externas de revitalización – esfuerzos iniciales de movilización, poder de negociación, y poder político – y la adhesión de miembros inmigrantes en las actividades sindicales. Mientras la literatura sobre la revitalización sindical ha argumentado que la renovación sindical interna facilita la revitalización externa, la manera cómo la revitalización externa afecta la renovación interna sostenida todavía no ha sido examinada de manera exhaustiva. La mayoría de estudios que examinan la relación entre revitalización interna y externa han tenido un ámbito relativamente estrecho de observación incluyendo principalmente casos de reconocimiento sindical exitoso; perdiendo así una comprensión de la relación dinámica entre revitalización interna y externa a lo largo del tiempo. Los resultados sugieren que la revitalización externa puede sostener la renovación interna. Sin embargo, la construcción del poder sindical no garantiza automáticamente la participación democrática y la adquisición de mayor poder económico por medio de fusiones de secciones locales debilita las estructuras representativas. Los resultados confirman la importancia de estudiar la revitalización como un proceso y no cómo un resultado, un argumento que ha sido avanzado por los universitarios, pero raramente practicado.
Palabras clave:
- movimiento social,
- syndicato,
- participación de miembros,
- sustentabilidad del movimiento
Appendices
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