Abstracts
Summary
The relevance of subsidiary embeddedness in a macro-institutional environment can in no way overshadow the importance of the micro-political agency of social actors. While some researchers focus on local management’s “embedded agency,” we focus on a less-developed aspect: workers’ “embedded agency.” In order to do so, we propose an analytical model that is based on the Varieties of Capitalism model and its subsequent developments, but that also includes the workers as an active agent. This model allows us to observe the institutional resources that workers can actively mobilize. We specifically focus on the characteristics of industrial relations and education institutional sub-systems. We apply the developed analytical model to the case of the Brazilian subsidiaries of a highly global multinational corporation (MNC). Brazil represents a context where institutional constraints (i.e. corporatist industrial relations and a dualist education system) make workers’ actions the least favorable. Moreover, the highly integrated organizational environment of the MNC further reinforces this aspect. In turn, this makes it more compelling to discover how workers can nevertheless strategically activate some resources to improve their conditions. We conduct a case study and collect empirical data through semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis. More specifically, we discuss three examples of workers’ “embedded agency” (i.e. election of a bilateral committee for the prevention of accidents; plant closure; and internship and training). These bring analytical attention to workers’ collective and individual actions as well as intra- and extra-subsidiary mobilization of institutional resources.
Keywords:
- embedded agency,
- workers,
- multinational corporations,
- varieties of capitalism,
- Brazil
Résumé
L’importance de l’intégration des filiales de multinationales dans le contexte institutionnel macro ne doit pas pour autant éclipser l’agence micro-politique des acteurs sociaux. Alors que des recherches se centrent sur l’action intégrée du management local, nous nous intéressons à un aspect moins développé : celui de l’action intégrée des travailleurs. À cette fin, nous proposons un modèle analytique, basé sur les variétés de capitalisme et ses développements subséquents, qui inclut aussi les travailleurs comme des agents actifs, ce qui nous permet d’observer les ressources institutionnelles que les travailleurs peuvent mobiliser. Nous nous penchons plus particulièrement sur les caractéristiques des sous-systèmes institutionnels de relations industrielles et du système éducatif. Le modèle a été appliqué à l’étude de filiales brésiliennes d’une entreprise multinationale très mondialisée. Le Brésil représente un contexte où les contraintes institutionnelles (i.e. des relations industrielles corporatistes et un système éducatif dualistique) limitent énormément l’action des travailleurs. Ceci est renforcé par l’environnement organisationnel hautement intégré de la multinationale. L’existence de cette double contrainte rend d’autant plus pertinente l’étude des actions entreprises par les travailleurs afin d’améliorer leurs conditions. Nous avons donc conduit une étude de cas et avons collecté nos données grâce à des entretiens semi-structurés et l’analyse de documents. Plus précisément, nous discutons de trois exemples d’actions intégrées des travailleurs (i.e. élection du comité bilatéral pour la prévention des accidents, fermeture d’une usine, stage et formation). Ces exemples mettent analytiquement en évidence les actions collectives et individuelles des travailleurs, ainsi que la mobilisation des ressources institutionnelles internes et externes aux filiales.
Mots-clés:
- action intégrée,
- travailleurs,
- entreprise multinationale,
- variétés de capitalisme,
- Brésil
Resumen
La importancia de las filiales incorporadas en el entorno macro-institucional no pueden, de ninguna manera, ensombrecer la importancia micro-política de los actores sociales de la agencia. Mientras algunos investigadores focalizan en la gestión local de la agencia incorporada, nosotros ponemos en énfasis en un aspecto menos desarrollado: los trabajadores de las agencias incorporadas. Para ello, proponemos un modelo analítico que se basa en el modelo de variedades del capitalismo y sus desarrollos subsecuentes, pero que incluye también los trabajadores como un agente activo. Este modelo nos permite observar los recursos institucionales que los trabajadores pueden movilizar activamente. Nos focalizamos específicamente en las características de relaciones industriales y de los subsistemas institucionales de educación. Aplicamos el modelo analítico desarrollado al estudio del caso de las filiales brasileñas de una corporación multinacional (CMN) de alto nivel de globalización. Brasil representa un contexto donde las restricciones institucionales (es decir, las relaciones industriales corporativistas y el sistema dualista de educación) son poco favorables a las acciones laborales. Más aún, el contexto organizacional altamente integrado de la CMN refuerza aún más este aspecto. A su turno, esto hace más imperativo de descubrir cómo los trabajadores pueden, a pesar de todo, movilizar algunos recursos para mejorar sus condiciones. Es así que llevamos a cabo un estudio de caso y una colecta de datos empíricos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y análisis documentarios. Más específicamente, se discuten tres ejemplos de empresas incorporadas (esto es, elección de un comité bilateral de prevención de accidentes; cierre de fabrica; internado de practica y formación). Estos ejemplos nos llevan a prestar una atención analítica a las acciones colectivas y a las acciones individuales de los trabajadores y, así mismo, a la movilización de recursos institucionales dentro y fuera del ámbito de la filial.
Palabras claves:
- agencia incorporada,
- trabajadores,
- corporaciones multinacionales,
- variedades del capitalismo,
- Brasil
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Appendices
Acknowledgments
The writing of this article was made possible by a postdoctoral fellowship from HEC-CRIMT (Interuniversity research centre on globalization and work). In addition to the three anonymous reviewers, the author wishes to thank Ashorkor Tetteh for his important editorial support as well as Mathieu Dupuis (CRIMT doctoral student) for his comments on the first version of this article.
Note biographique
Lorenzo Frangi is professor of Employment Relations at the Department of Organization and Human Resources, ESG, UQÀM; and researcher at CRIMT.
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