Abstracts
Summary
This paper presents a case study of pregnancy/parental leave arrangements among faculty members at a mid-sized Canadian university. Pregnancy/parental leaves and associated benefits are often taken for granted, particularly among unionized employees in Canada; however, this research shows that continued vigilance is required to maintain the standard and equity of these rights. The data consist of self-report accounts of faculty experiences in making leave arrangements over the period 2000-2010.
The results show inequity in leave arrangements across faculties, across and within departments and for individuals who had more than one leave. Much of this inequity stemmed from individualized “creative” negotiations and problem-solving when the leave was scheduled to begin or end in the middle of an academic term. Many of these solutions penalized faculty members for unassigned teaching duties. Faculty members were requested or felt personally obligated to “cover-off” the teaching time before or after their leave by teaching course overloads, using course releases earned through external research grants, condensing courses, or beginning and/or ending the leave earlier than required.
This research has implications for unions who must maintain vigilance and relevance in professional environments where individual negotiation takes place and union consciousness is lower. It also emphasizes the burden placed on parents when the bearing and rearing of children is framed as an individual right rather than an issue of social reproduction. As a result of their “choice” to have a baby and take an associated leave of absence, faculty members can experience guilt, fear and anxiety related to their professional and collegial status. Due to these emotions, and faced with a silent collective agreement, faculty members can accommodate the needs of the university to their own detriment. The paper concludes with recommendations for how faculty unions can better protect pregnancy and parental leave rights through improved formal language in policy documents or collective agreements.
Keywords:
- maternity leave,
- pregnancy leave,
- industrial relations,
- unions,
- women
Résumé
Cet article présente une étude de cas sur les clauses de congé parental ou de maternité chez les professeurs d’une université canadienne de moyenne taille. Les congés parentaux ou de maternité et les avantages qui leur sont associés sont souvent tenus pour acquis, particulièrement parmi les employés syndiqués au Canada; toutefois cette recherche montre qu’une vigilance continue est de rigueur pour maintenir le niveau et l’équité de ces droits. Les données obtenues sont constituées d’auto-déclarations d’expériences facultaires dans l’élaboration d’accords en matière de congé durant la période 2000-2010. Les résultats font ressortir des inégalités dans l’octroi de tels congés entre les facultés, entre les départements et au sein de ceux-ci et parmi les personnes qui ont bénéficié de plus d’un congé. La plupart des inégalités observées sont le fait de négociations et de recherche de solutions individuelles « créatives » lorsque le congé était prévu débuter ou se terminer en plein milieu d’une session. Plusieurs de ces solutions ont eu pour effet de pénaliser des professeures au moyen de tâches d’enseignement non assignées. Celles-ci se voyaient exigées ou se sentaient l’obligation de couvrir le temps d’enseignement avant ou après leur congé en faisant de l’enseignement en surplus, en utilisant des dégagements obtenus à même des fonds de recherche externes, en condensant leur enseignement, ou encore en débutant ou en terminant leur congé plus tôt que prévu.
Cette étude comporte des implications pour les syndicats qui doivent assurer vigilance et pertinence dans des environnements professionnels où prennent place des négociations individuelles et où le degré de conscience syndicale est plus faible. Elle fait également ressortir le fardeau qui repose sur les parents quand la responsabilité d’élever et d’éduquer les enfants est conçue comme un droit individuel plutôt que comme une question de reproduction sociale. Comme résultat de leur « choix » d’avoir un enfant et de prendre un congé parental, des professeures peuvent ressentir de la culpabilité, de la peur et de l’anxiété reliées à leur statut professionnel et universitaire. À cause de telles émotions et devant une convention collective silencieuse, elles peuvent en venir à satisfaire aux besoins de l’université à leur propre détriment. L’article conclut par des recommandations sur la manière dont les syndicats de professeures et professeurs en milieu universitaire peuvent mieux protéger les droits aux congés parentaux ou de maternité en améliorant le langage formel dans les énoncés de politique ou dans les conventions collectives.
Mots-clés :
- congé de maternité,
- relations industrielles,
- syndicats,
- femmes
Resumen
Este texto presenta un estudio de caso de implementación de acuerdos de permiso parental /permiso de embarazo de los miembros de la facultad en una universidad de talla mediana en Canadá. Los permisos de embarazo-maternidad-paternidad y los beneficios asociados son a menudo dados por sentado, particularmente por los empleados sindicalizados en Canadá; sin embargo, esta investigación muestra que la vigilancia continua es requerida para mantener el estándar y la equidad de estos derechos. Los datos provienen de relatos de las experiencias de obtención de disposiciones de permisos durante el periodo 2000-2010.
Los resultados muestran la inequidad de las disposiciones de permiso en diferentes facultades, entre los departamentos y entre individuos que tenían más de un permiso. La mayor parte de esta disparidad proviene de negociaciones individualizadas “creativas” y de formas de resolución de problemas cuando el permiso fue programado al comienzo o en medio de una sesión académica. Muchas de estas soluciones penalizaron a los miembros de facultad imponiéndoles cargas de enseñanza no previstas. Los miembros de facultad fueron solicitados o se sintieron personalmente obligados a “cubrir” el tiempo de enseñanza antes o después de su permiso; para ello, tuvieron que aceptar sobrecargas de cursos, usar liberaciones del dictado de clases ganadas por medio de becas externas de investigación, condensar cursos, o comenzar y/o terminar su permiso antes que previsto.
Esta investigación tiene implicaciones para los sindicatos que deben mantener la vigilancia y la importancia en los medios profesionales donde la negociación individual ocurre y donde la conciencia sindical es más débil. Se enfatiza también la presión ejercida sobre los padres cuando el cuidado y crianza de los niños es considerado más como un derecho individual que como una cuestión de reproducción social. Como un resultado de haber “escogido” de tener un bebe y de tomar un permiso asociativo de ausencia, los miembros de facultad pueden experimentar culpabilidad, miedo y ansiedad respecto a su estatuto profesional y colegial. Debido a estas emociones, y confrontados a un convenio colectivo silencioso, los miembros de facultad pueden acomodar las necesidades de la universidad en su propio detrimento. Este texto concluye con recomendaciones sobre cómo los sindicatos de facultad pueden proteger mejor los derechos de permisos de embarazo-maternidad-paternidad mejorando el lenguaje formal en los documentos de políticas o en los convenios colectivos.
Palabras clave:
- permiso de maternidad,
- permiso de embarazo,
- relaciones industriales,
- sindicatos,
- mujeres
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Appendices
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