Abstracts
Summary
Drawing from Nicholson and Johns (1985) typology of absence culture (N = 460 from 43 work groups), we found that greater similarity in union membership status between co-workers was associated with a lowering of a member’s absence culture, as was a more harmonious union-management (UM) climate. In addition, greater similarity in union membership was related to a lowered absence culture when the UM climate was perceived to be positive. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for understanding the social context in which the absence culture of union members is engendered are discussed.
Résumé
La culture de l’absentéisme renvoie à un ensemble de croyances et de pratiques influençant la totalité de la durée et de la fréquence des absences comme elles surviennent régulièrement au sein d’une organisation ou d’un groupe de salariés (Chadwick-Jones, Nicholson et Brown 1982 : 7). Cette notion englobe la légitimité perçue de s’absenter et une philosophie de nature normative partagée par des salariés touchant la justification des absences.
Nicholson et Johns (1985) soutiennent que la nature de la culture de l’absentéisme dépend de la façon dont elle s’impose aux membres d’un groupe (une unité de travail ou une organisation) et du niveau de confiance vécue par ces personnes. Quant au caractère impératif de la culture, celui-ci renvoie à l’homogénéité des normes relatives au comportement d’assiduité au travail, alors que d’un autre côté la confiance est imbriquée dans le contrat psychologique et traduit le degré d’intégration verticale entre employeurs et salariés. La visibilité de la culture dans cet essai est mesurée par l’homogénéité qui règne au sein d’un groupe de travail (i.e. le statut de l’effectif syndical) et le degré de confiance renvoie à la perception qu’on a du climat qui existe entre la direction et le syndicat.
Nous prenons en compte la recherche sur la relation courante de la démographie (Tsui et O’Reilly 1989) en évaluant dans quelle mesure l’intégration des non-membres influence la culture d’absence des membres du syndicat au sein des groupes de travail. Nous formulons trois hypothèses :
Hypothèse 1 : La culture d’absentéisme sera d’autant plus accentuée que les disparités au sein du membership syndical seront plus grandes.
Hypothèse 2 : La culture de l’absentéisme sera d’autant moins accentuée que le climat des relations patronales-syndicales sera positif.
Hypothèse 3 : Une plus grande similitude chez l’effectif syndical sera associée à une culture de l’absentéisme plus faible quand le climat des relations patronales-syndicales sera positif (i.e. une culture de type 2).
L’échantillon était composé de 43 groupes de travail aux soins infirmiers, comprenant 460 personnes syndiquées hors supervision, dont 14 % étaient des hommes et 86 %, des femmes. Les données proviennent de l’hôpital A avec 227 employés et de l’hôpital B avec 233 employés. L’âge moyen, l’ancienneté et la scolarité de ces employés ont été ventilés de la manière suivante : 34,73 ans (déviation standard = 9,98) ; 5,80 ans (d.s. = 4,63) ; enfin, 13,80 ans (d.s. = 1,65). Deux enquêtes identiques multi-item ont été effectuées aux deux hôpitaux à l’intérieur d’une période de trois mois (le taux de réponse étant de 64 % et de 74 % respectivement). Le concept de culture d’absentéisme a été opérationnalisé en se servant de l’échelle de Deery et al. (1995) ; la disparité au sein du membership syndical parmi les collègues de travail hors-supervision a été évaluée avec une formule développée par O’Reilly, Caldwell et Barnett (1989) ; le climat des relations du travail a été évalué en utilisant l’échelle de Dastmalchian, Blyton et Adamson (1989) et en retenant de cette échelle que la composante « harmonie » utilisant dix items. Toutes les échelles (incluant les variables de contrôle) présentaient des degrés acceptables de fiabilité et de validité.
Eu égard à la première hypothèse, les données selon la technique LISREL laissent croire que la culture de l’absentéisme est d’autant plus évidente (β = ,08) que les disparités au sein du membership syndical sont grandes (les variables sous contrôle étant de l’ordre démographique, relationnel et explicatif). Cette observation apporte un appui à l’argument à l’effet que l’hétérogénéité de l’effectif syndical chez les collègues dans les groupes de travail affaiblit d’une façon significative la norme d’assiduité.
Conformément aux termes de la deuxième hypothèse, plus le climat des relations du travail est positif, plus la culture de l’absentéisme est faible (β = –,12). La présence de relations harmonieuses entre employeurs et syndiqués est associée à une augmentation de la motivation à venir travailler. Les variables indépendantes ont ajouté une explication significative de la variance de la culture d’absence au-delà des variables de contrôle (i.e. un accroissement significatif du R de 2 %, le DF (2,439) = 5,55 p < ,05).
Six variables de contrôle présentaient également des effets visibles sur la culture de l’absentéisme. Par ordre d’importance, elles comprenaient les chances de promotion (β = –,22) ; le laxisme à l’endroit de l’absentéisme (β = ,19) le caractère routinier du travail (β = ,14) le lieu de travail (l’hôpital) (β = –,13) ; la responsabilité à l’externe (β = ,13) ; enfin, la taille du groupe de travail (β = ,12). Par conséquent, une culture de l’absentéisme se trouve associée à un manque de cheminement de carrière, à un degré élevé de tolérance à l’égard de l’absentéisme de la part de l’organisation, à un travail répétitif et à l’existence d’obligations personnelles plus importantes à l’extérieur du travail. De plus, l’hôpital B et la taille du groupe de travail étaient reliés à la culture de l’absentéisme.
Eu égard aux effets d’interaction, on a décelé un appui à la teneur de la troisième hypothèse. L’hétérogénéité au sein de l’effectif syndical au plan du statut laissait entrevoir une relation positive significative avec la culture de l’absentéisme lorsque le climat des relations du travail était positif (β = ,46, SE = ,20, p < ,05) et une relation d’effet non-significatif lorsque le climat des relations du travail était malsain (β = ,04, SE = ,07, p < ,05). En d’autres termes, la similitude de statut au sein du l’effectif syndical est relié à un affaiblissement de la culture de l’absentéisme des membres quand le climat des relations patronales-syndicales est positif.
Nous avons poussé plus loin notre analyse en tentant d’évaluer l’interaction possible entre la disparité de statut chez les membres et la perception du syndicat comme instrument. L’homogénéité au plan du statut des membres se trouvait associée de façon négative et significative avec une culture de l’absentéisme lorsque le caractère instrumental du syndicat était perçu comme élevé (β = –,34, SE = ,06, p < ,05) et de façon positive et significative quand ce caractère est faible (β = –,11, SE = ,06, p < ,05).
Notre étude a donc fourni un appui empirique à la typologie de l’absentéisme développée par Nicholson et John (1985), plus précisément celle de type II. La culture de l’absence dépendait du degré de disparité au sein de l’effectif syndical à l’intérieur des groupes de travail et également du type de climat des relations du travail qui prévalait (i.e. la confiance). Les travaux de recherche dans l’avenir doivent se poursuivre pour arriver à démêler le rôle des syndicats d’avec leur caractère d’instrument qu’on leur attribue dans la promotion de différents types de culture de l’absentéisme. Un corollaire naturel de cette étude serait d’évaluer dans quelle mesure ces facteurs exercent une influence sur le comportement d’absence. Finalement, notre étude prolonge celle de Fullet et Hester (1998) en mettant en évidence le fait que le contexte social des membres du syndicat devient un déterminant important des attitudes d’assiduité.
Resúmen
Sobre la base de la tipología de cultura de ausencia de Nicholson y Johns (1985), (N= 460 provenientes de 43 grupos de trabajo), concluimos que la gran semejanza de estatuto de miembro sindical entre colegas del grupo está asociada a la disminución continua de la cultura de ausencia de los miembros, e igualmente a un clima patronal-laboral mas harmonioso. Además, la gran semejanza de membrecía sindical apareció relacionada a una cultura de ausencia reducida cuando el clima patronal laboral fue percibido como positivo. Las implicancias teóricas y practicas de estos resultados para la comprensión del contexto social en el que se engendra la culture de ausencia de los miembros del sindicato, fueron también discutidos.
Appendices
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