Abstracts
Abstract
Two of Marsilio Ficino’s letters among his correspondence—the letter De officiis and the letter Veritas de institutione principis—enjoyed heightened popularity in the sixteenth century. One of the first translations of Ficino into the vernacular is a translation of these two letters into Czech, printed in Prague around the year 1500. Czech humanist Řehoř Hrubý of Jelení (ca. 1460–1514) seems to be a plausible candidate for the authorship. The second translation into Czech was published in 1520 by Oldřich Velenský of Mnichov (1495–1531). This article examines the Czech humanistic translations of Ficino’s letters and places them into the context of the Czech humanistic movement at the beginning of the sixteenth century, which emphasized moral topics from Italian Renaissance Platonism. It argues that these letters from Ficino supported the moral claims of Czech pre-Reformation and Reformation thought at the beginning of the sixteenth century.
Keywords:
- Marsilio Ficino,
- Czech Humanistic Translations,
- Renaissance Moral Philosophy,
- Pre-Reformation and Reformation in Bohemia
Résumé
Parmi la vaste correspondance de Marsile Ficin, deux missives – la lettre De officiis, adressée à Cherubino Quarquagli, et la lettre Veritas de institutione principis, écrite pour le jeune cardinal Raffaele Riario – connurent un important succès au XVIe siècle. Les deux documents ont un contenu moral, le premier traitant des devoirs, le second jouant le rôle de miroir pour le prince. Les deux lettres furent imprimées séparément et même traduites en langue vernaculaire. L’une des premières traductions de Ficin en langue vernaculaire est une traduction de ces deux lettres en tchèque, publiée à Prague vers 1500. L’humaniste tchèque Řehoř Hrubý de Jelení (ca. 1460–1514), connu comme traducteur des oeuvres d’Érasme et des humanistes italiens, pourrait en être l’auteur, même si l’identité du traducteur n’est pas avérée. La deuxième traduction en tchèque de la lettre Veritas de institutione principis de Ficin fut publiée en 1520 par Oldřich Velenský de Mnichov (1495–1531). Le présent article traite d’abord du contenu moral des deux lettres. Il examine ensuite les traductions humanistes tchèques des lettres de Ficin et les met en contexte, en l’occurrence celui du mouvement humaniste tchèque du début du XVIe siècle, qui mettait l’accent sur les thèmes moraux du platonisme de la Renaissance italienne. Il explore l’hypothèse que ces lettres de Ficin ont soutenu les revendications morales de la pensée de la pré-Réforme et de la Réforme, en Bohême, au début du XVIe siècle.
Appendices
Bibliography
- Ambrosius Mediolanensis. 2000. De Officiis. Edited by Maurice Testard. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina XV, Ambrosii Mediolanensis Opera, Pars V. Turnhout: Brepols.
- Bietenholz, Peter G. 1985. “Erasmus und die letzten Lebensjahre Reuchlins.” Historische Zeitschrift 240 (1):45–66. dx.doi.org/10.1524/hzhz.1985.240.1.45.
- Boldan, Kamil, Bořek Neškudla, and Petr Voit. 2014. Bohemia and Moravia I. The Reception of Antiquity in Bohemian Book Culture from the Beginning of Printing until 1547. Europa Humanistica 12. Turnhout: Brepols.
- Castelnuovo, Guido. 2009. “Les humanistes et la question nobiliaire au milieu du XVe siècle: Autour du De vera nobilitate de Poggio Bracciolini.” Rives Méditerranéennes 32–33 (1–2):67–81. doi.org/10.4000/rives.2945.
- Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1928. De Officiis. Translated by Walter Miller. The Loeb Classical Library. London: Wiliam Heinemann.
- Colish, Marcía L. 1990. The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. I. Stoicism in Classical Latin Literature. Leiden: Brill. dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004477032.
- Couceiro, Eduardo Fernández. 2014. “O národním humanismu, jeho domnělém zakladateli a takzvaném Manifestu.” (On national humanism, its sup¬posed founder and the so-called manifesto.) Česká Literatura 2:252–68. jstor.org/stable/43322086.
- Farnese, Giovanni Battista Bernardo. 1599. Seminarium totius philosophiae Aristotelicae et Platonicae. Lugduni: in officina Iacobi Stoer & Franc. Fabri.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 2001. Le divine lettere del gran Marsilio Ficino. 2 Vols. Edited by Sebastiano Gentile. Translated by Felice Figliucci. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 1546. Le divine lettere del gran Marsilio Ficino. Tomo primo. Translated by Felice Figliucci. Venice: Gabriel Giolito de Ferrari.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 1548. Le divine lettere del gran Marsilio Ficino. Tomo secondo. Translated by Felice Figliucci. Venice: Gabriel Gioloto de Ferrari.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 1495. Epistolae. Venetiis: Matteo Capcasa, Hieronymus Blondus.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 1519. Epistola Veritatis de institutione principis ad cardinalem Riarium. Basileiae: Thomas Wolff.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 1990. Lettere I. Epistolarum familiarium liber I. Edited by Sebastiano Gentile. Florence: Leo S. Olschki Editore.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 1975. The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Translated by the Fellowship of the School of Economic Science. Vol. 1. London: Shepheard-Walwyn.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 2018. The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Volume 1. Edited by Valery Rees, Adrian Bertoluzzi, and Arthur Farndell. 2nd ed. London: Shepheard-Walwyn.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 1978. The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Volume 2 (Liber III). Translated by the Fellowship of the School of Economic Science. London: Shepheard-Walwyn.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 1978. The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Volume 4 (Liber V). Translated by the Fellowship of the School of Economic Science. London: Shepheard-Walwyn.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 1994. The Letters of Marsilio Ficino. Volume 10 (Liber XI). Translated by the Language Department of the School of Economic Science. London: Shepheard-Walwyn.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 2019. O Povinnostech. Pravda hovoří o výchově vladaře / De officiis. Veritas de institutione principis. Edited by Tomáš Nejeschleba and Marcela Koupilová. Translated by Tomáš Nejeschleba. Praha: Oikoymenh.
- Ficino, Marsilio. 1521. Ein Sendbrief von Marsilio Ficino von Florenz ainem Cardinal Raphael Riarius, unter dem Namen der Warhait in Latein zug¬eschriben, underweisend wie sy ain Fürst in seinem Regiment tugentlich soll halten. Translated by Michael Spylberger. Norimbergae.
- Friedeburg, Robert von. 2002. “Civic Humanism and Republican Citizenship in Early Modern Germany.” In Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, Vol. 1, Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe, edited by Martin van Gelderen and Quentin Skinner, 127–45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511490750.008.
- Garfagnini, Gian Carlo. 1986. Marsilio Ficino e il ritorno di Platone: Studi e documenti. Studi e testi. Firenze: L. S. Olschki.
- Griffin, Miriam. 2011. “The Politics of Virtue: Three Puzzles in Cicero’s De Officiis.” In Episteme, Etc., edited by Ben Morison and Katerina Ierodiakonou, 310–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199696482.003.0016.
- Hessensteinius a Lobkowicz, Bohuslaus. 2006. Opera poetica. Edited by Marta Vaculínová. Munich: Saur.
- Jorde, Tilmann R. 1995. Cristoforo Landinos De vera nobilitate: Ein Beitrag zur Nobilitas-Debatte im Quattrocento. Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 66. Stuttgart: B. G. Teubner.
- Karfík, Filip. 2001. “Bohuslav von Lobkowicz auf Hassenstein und der Florentiner Platonismus.” In Florentine Platonism and Central Europe, edited by Jozef Matula, 41–71. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého Olomouc.
- Karfík, Filip. 2002. “Ficiniana v knihovně Bohuslava Hasištejnského z Lobkovic.” (Ficiniana in the library of Bohuslav Hasištejn of Lobkovic.) In Bene scripsisti… Filosofie od středověku k novověku. Sborník k sedmdesátinám Stanislava Sousedíka, edited by Jiří Beneš, Petr Glombíček, and Vladimír Urbánek, 87–108. Praha: Filosofia.
- Kristeller, Paul Oskar. 1970. “Erasmus from an Italian Perspective.” Renaissance Quarterly 23 (1):1–14. doi.org/10.2307/2859266.
- Kristeller, Paul Oskar. 1987. “Marsilio Ficino and His Work after Five Hundred Years.” In Quaderni di rinascimento, edited by Gian Carlo Garfagnini. Florence: L. S. Olschki.
- Kristeller, Paul Oskar. 1996. “Marsilio Ficino and the Roman Curia.” In Studies in Renaissance Thought and Letters, 2nd ed., 4:265–80. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura.
- Kristeller, Paul Oskar. 1937. Supplementum Ficinianum: Marsilii Ficini Florentini philosophi platonici Opuscula inedita et dispersa. Volumen al¬terum. Florence: L. S. Olschki.
- Laertius, Diogenes. 1959. Lives of Eminent Philosophers. Translated by R. D. Hicks. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Lamping, Antonie Jan. 1976. Ulrichus Velenus (Oldrich Velenský) and His Treatise against the Papacy. Leiden: Brill.
- Landino, Cristoforo. 1970. De vera nobilitate. Edited by Manfred Lentzen. Geneva: Droz.
- Lang, Joseph. 1623. Noua polyanthea hoc est Opus suauissimis floribus, celebrio¬rum sententiarum, tàm Graecarum, quàm Latinarum refertum. Venetiis: Apud Ioannem Guerilium.
- Leinkauf, Thomas. 2017. Grundriss Philosophie des Humanismus und der Renaissance (1350–1600). Hamburg: Felix Meiner. dx.doi.org/10.28937/978-3-7873-3132-1.
- Martínek, Jan. 1981. “Starší období Všehrdovy literární činnosti.” (Older pe¬riod of Všehrd’s literary activity.) Listy Filologické / Folia Philologica 104 (2):90–101. jstor.org/stable/23460772.
- Martines, Lauro. 2003. April Blood: Florence and the Plot against the Medici. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Nejeschleba, Tomáš. 2018. “Dignity or Misery of Man? Giovanni Pico’s Duodecalogues and Their Legacy.” Bruniana & Campanelliana 24 (1):201–12. doi.org/10.19272/201804101013.
- Neškudla, Bořek. 2012. “Czech National Humanism.” Sborník Národního muzea v Praze. Acta musei nationalis Prague. Series C - Historia literarum 57 (3):35–39.
- Neškudla, Bořek. 2014. “Řehoř Hrubý z Jelení a takzvaný národní humanis¬mus.” (Řehoř Hrubý z Jelení and the so-called national humanism.) Česká Literatura 5:728–51. jstor.org/stable/43322147
- Novák, Arne. 1910. “Lukianovy ohlasy v literatuře české.” (Lukian’s echoes in Czech literature.) Listy Filologické / Folia Philologica 37 (6):431–47. jstor.org/stable/23443271.
- Novotný, František. 1977. The Posthumous Life of Plato. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
- Overgaauw, Eef, and Valerio Sanzotta. 2010. “Una lettera inedita di Marsilio Ficino a Lorenzo de’ Medici nella Sammlung Darmstaedter della Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin.” Interpres 29:171–82.
- Parks, George S. 1976. “Pico Della Mirandola in Tudor Translation.” In Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller, edited by Edward P. Mahoney, 352–69. Leiden: Brill.
- Peri, Giovanni Domenico. 1672. Il negotiante di gio. Vol. 2. Venetia: Giacomo Herz.
- Petrarca, Francesco. 1501. Kniehy dvoje o lékařství proti štěstí a neštěstí. (Two books on medicine against fortune and misfortune.) Praha: Tiskař Pražské Bible.
- Pražák, Emil. 1959. “České humanistické překlady z Marsiglia Ficina.” (Czech humanistic translations from Marsilio Ficino.) Listy Filologické / Folia Philologica 82 (2):320–24.
- Pražák, Emil. 1961. “Český překlad Platonovy Politeie z 15. století.” (Czech translation of Plato’s Politeia from the fifteenth century.) Listy Filologické / Folia Philologica 84 (1):102–08. jstor.org/stable/23463012.
- Pražák, Emil. 1961. “Místo Řehoře Hrubého ve vývoji českého humanismu.” (The place of Řehor Hrubý in the development of Czech humanism.) Česká literatura 9 (1):29–48. jstor.org/stable/43321075.
- Pražák, Emil. 1966. “Oldřich Velenský a cesta českého humanismu k světovosti.” (Oldřich Velenský and the path of Czech humanism to worldliness.) Česká Literatura 14 (5/6):443–58. jstor.org/stable/43322335.
- Pražák, Emil. 1964. Řehoř Hrubý z Jelení: studie s ukázkami z díla. (Řehoř Hrubý of Jelení: a study with excerpts from his works.) Praha: Svobodné slovo.
- Rees, Valery. 2013. “Ciceronian Echoes in Marsilio Ficino.” In Cicero Refused to Die, edited by Nancy van Deusen, 141–62. Leiden: Brill. doi.org/10.1163/9789004244764_010.
- Reusner, Nicolaus. 1590. Ethica philosophica et christiana. Ienae: Typis Tobiae Steinmanni.
- Sousedík, Stanislav. 2009. Philosophie der frühen Neuzeit in den Böhmischen Ländern. Stuttgart - Bad Cannstatt: Frommann - Holzboog.
- Strada, Francesco. 1682. La clemenza reale historia della rebellione, e racquisto di Messina. Palermo: Pietro Coppula.
- Svatoš, Michal. 2012. “Recepce díla Erasma Rotterdamského v Českých zemích od 16. do 19. století.” (Reception of Erasmus of Rotterdam’s work in the Czech lands from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century.) In Erasmovo dílo v minulosti a současnosti evropského myšlení, edited by Tomáš Nejeschleba and Jan Makovský, 313–22. Brno: CDK.
- Torre, Arnaldo della. 1902. Storia dell´Accademia Platonica di Firenze. Firenze: G.Carnesecchi e figli.
- Tröger, Ursula. 2016. Marsilio Ficinos Selbstdarstellung. Untersuchungen zu seinem Epistolarium. Berlin: De Gruyter. dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110460698.
- Wind, Edgar. 1981. Heidnische Mysterien in der Renaissance. Translated by Christa Münstermann, Bernhard Buschendorf, and Gisela Heinrichs. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.