Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article examine certains des défis rencontrés par l’ethnologie autochtone au Brésil, au Canada et en Australie au cours des dernières décennies, en mettant l’accent sur les situations où se produit le contact interethnique entre peuples autochtones et États nationaux et dans lesquelles l’anthropologue intervient au moyen de recherches politiquement engagées. La représentation des peuples autochtones dans les trois pays s’est renforcée depuis la consolidation des mouvements politiques autochtones à partir des années 1970, au moment où les grandes sociétés minières, forestières, d’élevages, agro-industrielles et hydroélectriques convoitaient les ressources naturelles sur les territoires autochtones. L’anthropologue travaille dans des contextes fortement politisés en collaboration avec des agents sociaux des communautés autochtones et de la société nationale, tant du gouvernement que des entreprises actives sur les territoires autochtones. Un des rôles joués par l’anthropologue consiste à interpréter les situations complexes d’interventions gouvernementales et de l’indigénisme entrepreneurial en analysant et en contextualisant les différentes opinions des intervenants sociaux qui y prennent part.
Mots-clés :
- anthropologie,
- politiques indigénistes,
- Brésil,
- Canada,
- Australie,
- contextes nationaux
Abstract
This article examines some of the challenges faced by social anthropology with Indigenous peoples in Brazil, in Canada and in Australia, in recent decades, focusing on situations of interethnic contact between Indigenous peoples and national States where the intervention of anthropologists takes place through politically engaged research. In all three countries, Indigenous political protagonism has become stronger since the consolidation of Indigenous political movements from the 1970s, at the same time in which giant mining companies, hydroelectric construction companies, timber, agricultural industries and cattle raising projects increasingly covet the natural resources on Indigenous Lands. The anthropologist Works in highly politicized situations in which s/he interacts with social agents both Indigenous and from the national society, both from the government and from companies which operate on Indigenous Lands. One of the roles played by the anthropologist is to interpret the complex situations of government and entrepreneurial indigenist interventions, analysing and contextualising the various opinions of the social agents who are involved.
Keywords:
- anthropology,
- indigenist policies,
- Brazil,
- Canada,
- Australia,
- national contexts
Resumen
Este artículo examina algunos de los desafíos que enfrenta la etnología indígena en Brasil, Canadá y Australia en las últimas décadas, y se centra en situaciones de contacto interétnico entre los pueblos indígenas y los Estados nacionales, donde se produce la intervención antropólogica a través de la investigación políticamente comprometida. En los tres países, la actuación política indígena se fortaleció a partir de la consolidación de los movimientos políticos indígenas de la década de 1970, mientras que las grandes empresas mineras, de construcción hidroeléctrica, empresas de explotación forestal, agroindustria y ganadería codician los recursos naturales en los territorios indígenas. El antropólogo trabaja en situaciones muy politizadas en que interactúa con los agentes sociales indígenas y con los agentes de la sociedad nacional, tanto del gobierno como de las empresas que operan en los territorios indígenas. Una de las funciones desempeñadas por el antropólogo es interpretar situaciones complejas de intervención gobernamental y de indigenismo empresarial, en que el antropólogo analiza y contextualiza los diferentes puntos de vista de los otros actores sociales.
Palabras clave:
- antropología,
- políticas indigenistas,
- Brasil,
- Canadá,
- Australia,
- contextos nacionales
Appendices
Ouvrages cités
- ALTMAN, Jon, et Melinda HINKSON, 2007 : Coercive Reconciliation: Stabilize, normalize, exit Aboriginal Australia. Arena Publications, Melbourne.
- AUSTIN-BROOS, Diane, 2010 : « Quarantining violence: How anthropology does it », in J. Altman et M. Hinkson (dir.), Culture Crisis: Anthropology and politics in Aboriginal Australia : 136-149. UNSW Press, Sydney.
- BAINES, Stephen G., 1993 : « O Território dos Waimiri-Atroari e o Indigenismo Empresarial ». Ciências Sociais Hoje : 219-243.
- BAINES, Stephen G., 1995 : « Primeiras impressões sobre a etnologia indígena na Austrália », in R. Cardoso de Oliveira et G.R. Ruben (dir.), Estilos de Antropologia : 65-119. Editora da UNICAMP, Campinas, SP.
- BAINES, Stephen G., 1996 : Etnologia indígena no Canadá: primeiras impressões. DAN/UnB, Série antropologia 197, Brasília.
- BAINES, Stephen G., 2003 : « Organizações Indígenas e legislações indigenistas no Brasil, na Austrália e no Canadá ». Arquivos do Museu Nacional 61(2) : 115-128.
- BAINES, Stephen G., 2004 : « Antropologia do desenvolvimento e a questão das sociedades indígenas ». Revista Anthropológicas 15(2) : 29-46.
- BECKETT, Jeremy, 1988 : « Aboriginality, Citizenship and Nation State ». Aborigines and the State in Australia: Social Analysis 24 : 3-18.
- CARDOSO DE OLIVEIRA, Roberto, 1988 : Sobre o Pensamento Antropológico. Biblioteca Tempo Universidade nº 83. Tempo Brasileiro, Rio de Janeiro, CNPq, Brasília.
- CARDOSO DE OLIVEIRA, Roberto, 1998 : O trabalho do antropólogo. Paralelo 15, Brasília, Editora UNESP, São Paulo.
- DYCK, Noel, 1993 : « “Telling it like it is”: Some dilemmas of fourth world ethnography and advocacy », in N. Dyck et J.B. Waldram (dir.), Anthropology, Public Policy and Native Peoples in Canada : 192-212. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montréal & Kingston, London, Buffalo.
- DYCK, Noel, et J.B. WALDRAM (dir.), 1993 : Anthropology, Public Policy and native Peoples in Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montréal & Kingston, London, Buffalo.
- GALLOIS, Dominique, 2004 : «Terras ocupadas? Territórios? Territorialidades? » in F. Ricardo (dir.), Terras Indígenas e Unidades de Conservação da Natureza: o desafio das sobreposições : 37-41. Instituto Socioambiental, São Paulo.
- HINKSON, Melinda, 2010 : « Introduction: Anthropology and the culture wars », in J. Altman et M. Hinkson (dir.), Culture Crisis: Anthropology and Politics in Aboriginal Australia : 1-13. UNSW Press, Sydney.
- KAPFERER, Bruce, 1989 : « Nationalist Ideology and a Comparative Anthropology ». Ethnos 54(3-4) : 161-199.
- LUCIANO, Gersem dos Santos, 2006 : O índio brasileiro: o que você precisa saber sobre os povos indígenas no Brasil de hoje. MEC/SECAD ; LACED/Museu Nacional, Coleção Educação Para Todos. Série Vias dos Saberes no 1, Brasília. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001545/154565por.pdf (consulté le 23 novembre 2014).
- MERLAN, Francesca, 2010 : « Child Sexual Abuse: The Intervention Trigger », in J. Altman et M. Hinkson (dir.), Culture in Crisis: Anthropology and Politics in Aboriginal Australia : 116-135. UNSW Press, Sydney.
- NORTHERN TERRITORY BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO THE PROTECTION OF ABORIGINAL CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL ABUSE, 2007 : Ampe Akelyernemane Meke Mekarle “Little Children are Sacred”. Report of the Northern Territory Board of Inquiry into the Protection of Aboriginal Children from Sexual Abuse, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Australia. http://www.inquirysaac.nt.gov.au/pdf/bipacsa_final_report.pdf (consulté le 23 novembre 2014).
- OLIVEIRA, João Pacheco de, 1998 : « Os instrumentos de bordo: expectativas e possibilidades do trabalho do antropólogo em laudos periciais », in J.P. de Oliveira (dir.), Indigenismo e territorialização: poderes, rotinas e saberes coloniais no Brasil contemporâneo : 269-295. Contra Capa Livraria Ltda., Rio de Janeiro.
- OLIVEIRA, João Pacheco de, et Marcelo P. IGLESIAS, 2002 : « As demarcações participativas e o fortalecimento das organizações indígenas », in A.C. de S. Lima et M. Barroso-Hoffmann (dir.), Estado e Povos Indígenas: bases para uma nova política indigenista II : 41-68. Contra Capa Livraria/LACED, Rio de Janeiro.
- PAINE, Robert (dir.), 1985 : Advocacy and Anthropology, First Encounters. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s.
- PEIRANO, Mariza G.S., 1991 [1981] : The Anthropology of Anthropology: The Brazilian case. Série Antropologia, no 110, Departamento de Antropologia, Universidade de Brasília.
- PETERSON, Nicolas, 2010 : « Other peoples lives: Secular assimilation, culture and ungovernability, in J. Altman et M. Hinkson (dir.), Culture Crisis: Anthropology and Politics in Aboriginal Australia : 248-258. UNSW Press, Sydney.
- POVINELLI, Elizabeth A., 2010 : « Indigenist politics in late liberalism », in J. Altman et M. Hinkson (dir.), Culture Crisis: Anthropology and Politics in Aboriginal Australia : 17-30. UNSW Press, Sydney.
- RAMOS, Alcida Rita, 1990 : « Ethnology Brazilian Style ». Cultural Anthropology 5(4) : 452-472.
- RAMOS, Alcida Rita, 1998 : Indigenism: Ethnic politics in Brazil. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
- RITTER, David, 2009 : The Native Title Market. University of Western Australia Press, Crawley, Western Australia.
- SILVA, Cristhian Teófilo da, 2005 : Cativando Maira: a sobrevivência avá-canoeiro no alto rio Tocantins. Annablume, São Paulo.
- SUTTON, Peter, 2001 : « The Politics of Suffering: Indigenous policy in Australia since the 1970s ». Anthropological Forum 11(2) : 125-172.
- SUTTON, Peter, 2009 : The Politics of Suffering: Indigenous Australia and the end of the liberal consensus. Melbourne University Press, Carleton, Victoria.
- WALDRAM, James B., 1993 : « Some limits to advocacy anthropology in the Native Canadian context », in N. Dyck et J.B. Waldram (dir.), Anthropology, Public Policy and Native Peoples in Canada : 293-310. McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montréal & Kingston, London, Buffalo.