Abstracts
Résumé
Plusieurs études ont démontré que la participation à des activités parascolaires (sports, arts, civiques) contribue au fonctionnement psychologique des adolescents. Cependant, les motivations derrière leur participation ont souvent été négligées. La présente étude a examiné l’association entre la participation à des activités parascolaires, d’une part, et les types de motivation à participer, d’autre part, reliée au fonctionnement psychologique. Étant donné la nature particulière des activités civiques, cette étude a également vérifié si les motivations à s’engager dans des activités civiques étaient associées plus fortement au fonctionnement psychologique que les motivations pour les activités non civiques. Au total, 1622 élèves (64 % de filles) du secondaire ont fait part de leur participation à des activités civiques et non civiques ainsi que leurs motivations (autonome ou contrôlée) à participer. Ils ont également répondu à des mesures de fonctionnement psychologique : estime de soi, satisfaction des besoins psychologiques, qualité des relations interpersonnelles (parents et ami) et attachement envers l’école. Les résultats ont révélé que le fait de participer ou non à des activités parascolaires était faiblement associé au fonctionnement psychologique des adolescents. Cependant, la motivation autonome pour les activités était associée positivement au fonctionnement psychologique, tandis que pour la motivation contrôlée, l’association était négative, et ce, au-delà des variables contrôlées. De plus, chez les adolescents participant aux deux types d’activités, la motivation autonome pour les activités civiques était le meilleur prédicteur du fonctionnement psychologique. Ces résultats suggèrent que les types de motivations à participer doivent être pris en compte au-delà de la simple participation.
Mots-clés :
- motivation,
- autodétermination,
- engagement civique,
- fonctionnement psychologique
Abstract
Several studies have shown that adolescents’ participation in extracurricular activities (such as sports, arts, and civic) can contribute to their psychological functioning. However, the motivational aspect of their participation has been neglected. The present study examined the association between participation in extracurricular activities and adolescents’ psychological functioning. More specifically, it was investigated whether certain types of motivation to engage in the activity were differentially associated with adolescents’ psychological functioning. Considering the special nature of civic engagement, this study also investigated whether autonomous motivation for civic activities was more strongly linked to psychological functioning than autonomous motivation for non-civic activities. In total, 1622 high school students reported their participation in civic and non-civic activities and their motivation (autonomous or controlled) to participate. They also completed psychological functioning measures including self-esteem, basic needs satisfaction, quality of interpersonal relationships with parents and friend, and attachment to their school. The results revealed that participation was weakly associated with adolescents’ psychological functioning. However, autonomous motivation for activities was positively associated with psychological functioning, whereas for controlled motivation, the link was negative. Moreover, for adolescents that participated in both types of activities, the best predictor of psychological functioning was autonomous motivation for civic activities. These results suggest that the type of motivation in participation should be taken into consideration.
Keywords:
- Motivation,
- Self-determination,
- Civic engagement,
- Psychological functioning
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Adie, J. W., Duda, J. L. et Ntoumanis, N. (2008). Autonomy support, basic need satisfaction and the optimal functioning of adult male and female sport participants: A test of basicneeds theory. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 189-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9095-z
- Adler, R. P. et Goggin, J. (2005). What do we mean by “Civic Engagement”? Journal of Transformative Education, 3(3), 236–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344605276792
- Albanesi, C., Cicognani, E. et Zani, B. (2007). Sense of community, civic engagement and social well-being in Italian adolescents. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 17(5), 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.903
- Assor, A., Vansteenkiste, M., et Kaplan, A. (2009). Identified versus introjected approach and introjected avoidance motivations in school and in sports: The limited benefits of self-worth strivings. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(2), 482–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014236
- Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L. et Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A motivational basis of performance and well-being in two work settings 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(10), 2045-2068. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02690.x
- Ballard, P. J. (2014). What motivates youth civic involvement?. Journal of Adolescent Research, 29(4), 439-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558413520224
- Barnett, L. A. (2008). Predicting Youth Participation in Extracurricular Recreational Activities: Relationships with Individual, Parent, and Family Characteristics. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 26(2).
- Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., Bosch, J. A. et Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Self-determination theory and diminished functioning: The role of interpersonal control and psychological need thwarting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(11), 1459-1473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211413125
- Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I. et Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1529-1006.01431
- Beiswenger, K. L. et Grolnick, W. S. (2010). Interpersonal and intrapersonal factors associated with autonomous motivation in adolescents’ after-school activities. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(3), 369–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431609333298
- Blaya, C. et Fortin, L. (2011). Les élèves français et québécois à risque de décrochage scolaire : comparaison entre les facteurs de risque personnels, familiaux et scolaires. L’orientation scolaire et professionnelle, 40/1. https://doi.org/10.4000/osp.2988
- Bohnert, A., Fredricks, J. et Randall, E. (2010). Capturing unique dimensions of youth organized activity involvement. Review of Educational Research, 80(4), 576–610. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654310364533
- Bond, L., Butler, H., Thomas, L., Carlin, J., Glover, S., Bowes, G. et Patton, G. (2007). Social and school connectedness in early secondary school as predictors of late teenage substance use, mental health, and academic outcomes. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 40(4), 357.e9–357.e3.57E18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.10.013
- Bowers, E. P., Li, Y., Kiely, M. K., Brittian, A., Lerner, J. V. et Lerner, R. M. (2010). The Five Cs model of positive youth development: A longitudinal analysis of confirmatory factor structure and measurement invariance. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(7), 720–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9530-9
- Brown, B. B. et Larson, J. (2009). Peer relationships in adolescence. Dans R. M. Lerner et L. Steinberg (dir.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology: Contextual influences on adolescent development (pp. 74–103). John Wiley et Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002004
- Brunet, J., Gunnell, K. E., Gaudreau, P. et Sabiston, C. M. (2015). An integrative analytical framework for understanding the effects of autonomous and controlled motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 84, 2‑15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.034
- Buhrmester, D. et Furman, W. (2008). The network of relationships inventory: Relationship qualities version. Unpublished measure, University of Texas at Dallas. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025409342634
- Bundick, M. J. (2011). Extracurricular activities, positive youth development, and the role of meaningfulness of engagement. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.536775
- Camacho-Thompson, D. E. et Simpkins, S. D. (2022). Parental involvement in organized after-school activities and adolescent motivational beliefs. Applied Developmental Science, 26(1), 176-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2020.1750400
- Chambers, C. R., Wehmeyer, M. L., Saito, Y., Lida, K. M., Lee, Y. et Singh, V. (2007). Self-determination: What do we know? Where do we go? Exceptionality, 15(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09362830709336922
- Chan, W. Y., Ou, S. R. et Reynolds, A. J. (2014). Adolescent civic engagement and adultoutcomes: An examination among urban racial minorities. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1829- 1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014 -0136-5
- Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C. L. et Davies, F. (2007). The impact of hope, self-esteem, and attributional style on adolescents’ school grades and emotional well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(6), 1161-1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.001
- Claes, M. E. (1992). Friendship and personal adjustment during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 15(1), 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-1971(92)90064-C
- Crocetti, E., Erentaitė, R. et Žukauskienė, R. (2014). Identity styles, positive youth development, and civic engagement in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1818-1828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0100-4
- Curtis, C. A. (2019). Home and school environmental influences on adolescents’ sociopolitical group participation: Implications for increasing youth involvement. Education and Urban Society, 51(7), 871-893. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124517727052
- Dambrun, M. et Ricard, M. (2011). Self-centeredness and selflessness: A theory of self-based psychological functioning and its consequences for happiness. Review of General Psychology, 15(2), 138-157.
- Deci, E. L. et Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182‑ 185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
- Deci, E. L. et Ryan, R. M. (2012). Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory. The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation, 18(6), 85-107. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023059
- De Meyer, J., Tallir, I. B., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., Van den Berghe, L., Speleers, L. et Haerens, L. (2014). Does observed controlling teaching behavior relate to students’ motivation in physical education? Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(2), 541-554. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034399
- Denault, A.-S. et Poulin, F. (2009). Intensity and breadth of participation in organized activities during the adolescent years: Multiple associations with youth outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(9), 1199–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9437-5
- Desrosiers, H., Nanhou, V. et Belleau, L. (2016). L’adaptation psychosociale et scolaire des jeunes lors du passage au secondaire. Dans Étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec(ELDEQ 1998-2015) – De la naissance à 17 ans, 8(2) Institut de la statistique du Québec.
- Dodd, M. D., Brummette, J. et Hazleton, V. (2015). A social capital approach: An examination of Putnam’s civic engagement and public relations roles. Public Relations Review, 41(4), 472- 479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.05.001
- Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L., Stone, M. et Hunt, J. (2003). Extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social Issues, 59(4), 865–889. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00095.x
- Farb, A. F. et Matjasko, J. L. (2012). Recent advances in research on school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Developmental Review, 32(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2011.10.001
- Feldman, A. F. et Matjasko, J. L. (2005). The role of school-based extracurricular activities in adolescent development: A comprehensive review and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 75(2), 159–210. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075002159
- Field, S. et Hoffman, A. (1994). Development of a model for self-determination. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 17(2), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/088572889401700205
- Field, S., Hoffman, A. et Posch, M. (1997). Self-determination during adolescence a developmental perspective. Remedial and Special Education, 18(5), 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193259701800504
- Forneris, T., Camiré, M. et Williamson, R. (2015). Extracurricular activity participation and the acquisition of developmental assets: Differences between involved and noninvolved canadian high school students. Applied Developmental Science, 19(1), 47‑55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2014.980580
- Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C. et Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59-109. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059
- Fredricks, J. A. et Eccles, J. S. (2006). Extracurricular involvement and adolescent adjustment: Impact of duration, number of activities, and breadth of participation. Applied Developmental Science, 10(3), 132–146. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads1003_3
- Fredricks, J. A., et Eccles, J. S. (2008). Participation in extracurricular activities in the middle school years: Are there developmental benefits for African American and European American youth? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(9), 1029–1043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9309-4
- Furman, W. et Buhrmester, D. (2009). Methods and measures: The network of relationships inventory: Behavioral systems version. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(5), 470-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025409342634
- Ganzeboom, H. B. (2010). A new international socio-economic index (ISEI) of occupational status for the international standard classification of occupation 2008 (ISCO-08) constructed with data from the ISSP 2002–2007; with an analysis of quality of occupational measurement in issp. International Social Survey Programme 2010, Lisbon, Portugal. http://www.harryganzeboom.nl/isco08/index.htm
- Gilman, R., Meyers, J. et Perez, L. (2004), Structured extracurricular activities among adolescents: Findings and implications for school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools, 41(1), 31- 41.
- Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J. et Swann, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504‑528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
- Gunnell, K. E., Crocker, P. R., Mack, D. E., Wilson, P. M. et Zumbo, B. D. (2014). Goal contents, motivation, psychological need satisfaction, well-being and physical activity: A test of self-determination theory over 6 months. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.08.005
- Haerens, L., Aelterman, N., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B. et Van Petegem, S. (2015). Do perceived autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching relate to physical education students’ motivational experiences through unique pathways? Distinguishing between the bright and dark side of motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.013
- Hancock Hoskins, D. (2014). Consequences of parenting on adolescent outcomes. Societies, 4(3), 506-531. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc4030506
- Hansen, D. M., Larson, R. W. et Dworkin, J. B. (2003). What adolescents learn in organized youth activities: A survey of self-reported developmental experiences? Journal of Adolescence, 13(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1301006
- Hardre, P. L. et Reeve, J. (2003). A motivational model of rural students’ intentions to persist in, versus drop out of high school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.2.347
- Hardy, S. A., Pratt, M. W., Pancer, S. M., Olsen, J. A. et Lawford, H. L. (2011). Community and religious involvement as contexts of identity change across late adolescence and emerging adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(2), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410375920
- Hodgins, H. S., Brown, A. B. et Carver, B. (2007). Autonomy and control motivation and self-esteem. Self and Identity, 6(2‑3), 189‑208. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860601118769
- Hope, N. H., Holding, A. C., Verner-Filion, J., Sheldon, K. M. et Koestner, R. (2019). The path from intrinsic aspirations to subjective well-being is mediated by changes in basic psychological need satisfaction and autonomous motivation: A large prospective test. Motivation and Emotion, 43, 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9733-z
- Howard, J. L., Gagné, M. et Bureau, J. S. (2017). Testing a continuum structure of self-determined motivation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 143(12), 1346. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000125
- Howard, J. L., Bureau, J. S., Guay, F., Chong, J. X. et Ryan, R. M. (2021). Student motivation and associated outcomes: A meta-analysis from self-determination theory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1300-1323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620966789
- International Labour Organization. (2012). International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (ISCO-08): Structure, group definitions and correspondence tables. International Labour Organization.
- Kasser, T. et Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 410–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65. 2.410
- Keizer, R., Helmerhorst, K. O. et van Rijn-van Gelderen, L. (2019). Perceived quality of the mother–adolescent and father–adolescent attachment relationship and adolescents’ self-esteem. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(6), 1203- 1217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01007-0
- Larson, R. W. et Verma, S. (1999). How children and adolescents spend time across the world: Work, play, and developmental opportunities. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 701– 736. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.701
- Laursen, B. et Collins, J. K. (2009). Parent-child relationships during adolescence. Dans R. M. Lerner et L. Steinberg (dir.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 3-42). John Wiley et Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002002
- Lenzi, M., Vieno, A., Pastore, M. et Santinello, M. (2013). Neighborhood social connectedness and adolescent civic engagement: An integrative model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.12.003
- Li, M., Wang, Z., You, X. et Gao, J. (2015). Value congruence and teachers’ work engagement: The mediating role of autonomous and controlled motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 80, 113‑118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.021
- Mahatmya, D., Lohman, B. J., Matjasko, J. L. et Farb, A. F. (2012). Engagement across developmental periods. Dans S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly et C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Student Engagement (pp. 45–63). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_3
- Mahoney, J. L. et Stattin, H. (2000). Leisure activities and adolescent antisocial behavior: The role of structure and social context. Journal of Adolescence, 23(2), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0302
- Mahoney, J.L., Schweder, A.E. et Stattin, H. (2002). Structured after-school activities as a moderator of depressed mood for adolescents with detached relations to their parents. Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.1051
- Mahoney, J. L., Harris, A. L. et Eccles, J. S. (2006). Organized activity participation, positive youth development, and the over-scheduling hypothesis. Social Policy Report, 20(4), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2379-3988.2006.tb00049.x
- Martela, F. et Sheldon, K. M. (2019). Clarifying the concept of well-being: Psychological need satisfaction as the common core connecting eudaimonic and subjective well-being. Review of General Psychology, 23(4), 458-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019880886
- Matthews, T.L., Hempel, L.M. et Howell, F.M. (2010), Gender and the transmission of civic engagement: Assessing the influences on youth civic activity. Sociological Inquiry, 80, 448-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2010.00342.x
- McHale, J. P., Vinden, P. G., Bush, L., Richer, D., Shaw, D., et Smith, B. (2005). Patterns of personal and social adjustment among sport-involved and noninvolved urban middle-school children. Sociology of Sport Journal, 22(2), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.22.2.119
- McLachlan, S., Spray, C. et Hagger, M. S. (2011). The development of a scale measuring integrated regulation in exercise. British Journal of Health Psychology, 16(4), 722-743. https://doi.org/10.1348/2044-8287.002009
- McNeish, D. M. et Stapleton, L. M. (2016). The effect of small sample size on two-level model estimates: A review and illustration. Educational Psychology Review, 28(2), 295‑314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9287-x
- Melman, S., Littie, S. G., et Akin-Littie, K. A. (2007). Adolescent overscheduling: The relationship between levels of participation in scheduled activities and self-reported clinical symptomology. The High School Journal, 90(3), 18–30. https://doi-org.proxy.bibliotheques.uqam.ca/10.1353/hsj.2007.0011
- Messick, S. (1960). Dimensions of social desirability. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044153
- Metzger, A., Alvis, L. M., Oosterhoff, B., Babskie, E., Syvertsen, A. et Wray-Lake, L. (2018). The intersection of emotional and sociocognitive competencies with civic engagement in middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 1663-1683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0842-5
- Milyavskaya, M., Philippe, F. L. et Koestner, R. (2013). Psychological need satisfaction across levels of experience: Their organization and contribution to general well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.10.013
- Mouratidis, A., & Michou, A. (2011). Perfectionism, self-determined motiva-tion, and coping among adolescent athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 355-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.03.006
- Myers, D. G. et Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy?. Psychological Science, 6(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x
- Nota, L., Soresi, S., Ferrari, L. et Wehmeyer, M. L. (2011). A multivariate analysis of the self-determination of adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 245-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9191-0
- Noom, M. J., Deković, M. et Meeus, W. H. (1999). Autonomy, attachment and psychosocial adjustment during adolescence: A double-edged sword? Journal of Adolescence, 22(6), 771-783. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0269
- Oberle, E., Ji, X. R., Kerai, S., Guhn, M., Schonert-Reichl, K. A. et Gadermann, A. M. (2020). Screen time and extracurricular activities as risk and protective factors for mental health in adolescence: A population-level study. Preventive Medicine, 141, 106291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106291
- Parker, J. S. et Benson, M. J. (2004). Parent-adolescent relations and adolescent functioning: Self-esteem, substance abuse, and delinquency. Adolescence, 39(155), 519.
- Peters, G. J. Y. (2014). The alpha and the omega of scale reliability and validity: Why and how to abandon Cronbach’s alpha and the route towards more comprehensive assessment of scale quality. European Health Psychologist, 16(2), 56-69.
- Philippe, F. L., Gingras, M.-P., Ghassemi-Bakhtiari, N., Poulin, F., Robitaille, J., Denault, A.-S., Dandeneau, S. et Geoffroy, M.-C. (2022). Organized civic and non-civic activities as predictors of academic GPA in high school students. Applied Developmental Science, 1‑16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2022.2053127
- Pittman, L. D. et Richmond, A. (2007). Academic and psychological functioning in late adolescence: The importance of school belonging. The Journal of Experimental Education, 75(4), 270-290. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.75.4.270-292
- Reeve, J. (2009). Why teachers adopt a controlling motivating style toward students and how they can become more autonomy supportive. Educational Psychologist, 44(3), 159-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520903028990
- Ricard, N. C. et Pelletier, L. G. (2016). Dropping out of high school: The role of parent and teacher self-determination support, reciprocal friendships and academic motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 44, 32-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.12.003
- Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
- Ryan, R. M. (1995). The integration of behavioral regulation within life domains. Journal of Personality, 63, 397-429.
- Ryan, R. M. et Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications. https://doi.org/10.1521/978.14625/28806
- Sebastian, C., Burnett, S. et Blakemore, S. J. (2008). Development of the self-concept during adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(11), 441-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.07.008
- Seow, P.-S. et Pan, G. (2014). A literature review of the impact of extracurricular activities participation on students’ academic performance. Journal of Education for Business, 89(7), 361‑366. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2014.912195
- Shanahan, M.J. et Flaherty, B.P. (2001), Dynamic patterns of time use in adolescence. Child Development, 72, 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00285
- Sheldon, K. M. et Elliot, A. J. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 482. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482
- Sheldon, K.M. Hilpert, J.C. (2012). The balanced measure of psychological needs (BMPN) scale: an alternative domain general measure of need satisfaction. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 439-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9279-4
- Sheldon, K. M., Osin, E. N., Gordeeva, T. O., Suchkov, D. D. et Sychev, O. A. (2017). Evaluating the dimensionality of self-determination theory’s relative autonomycontinuum. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(9), 1215-1238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217711915
- Sherrod, L. R., Torney-Purta, J. et Flanagan, C. A. (2010). Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth. John Wiley et Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470767603
- Soenens, B. et Vansteenkiste, M. (2005). Antecedents and outcomes of self-determination in 3 life domains: The role of parents’ and teachers’ autonomy support. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-8948-y
- Soenens, B., & Beyers, W. (2012). The cross-cultural significance of control and autonomy in parent–adolescent relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 243-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.007
- Stone, D. N., Deci, E. L. et Ryan, R. M. (2009). Beyond talk: Creating autonomous motivation through self-determination theory. Journal of General Management, 34(3), 75-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/030630700903400305
- Tian, L., Chen, H. et Huebner, E. S. (2014). The longitudinal relationships between basic psychological needs satisfaction at school and school-related subjective well-being in adolescents. Social Indicators Research, 119, 353-372. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0495-4
- Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 271–360). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60019-2
- Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., De Muynck, G. J., Haerens, L., Patall, E. et Reeve, J. (2018). Fostering personal meaning and self-relevance: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization. The Journal of Experimental Education, 86(1), 30-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2017.1381067
- Vasquez, A. C., Patall, E. A., Fong, C. J., Corrigan, A. S. et Pine, L. (2016). Parent autonomy support, academic achievement, and psychosocial functioning: A meta-analysis of research. Educational Psychology Review, 28, 605-644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9329-z
- Véronneau, M. H., Koestner, R. F. et Abela, J. R. (2005). Intrinsic need satisfaction and well–being in children and adolescents: An application of the self–determination theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(2), 280-292. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.24.2.280.62277
- Viau, A., Denault, A.-S. et Poulin, F. (2015). Organized activities during high school and adjustment one year post high school: Identifying social mediators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(8), 1638‑1651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0225-5
- Wagner, W. et Mathison, P. (2015). Connecting to communities: Powerful pedagogies for leading for social change. New Directions for Student Leadership, 2015(145), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.20126
- Weinstein, N. et Ryan, R. M. (2010). When helping helps: Autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 222. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016984
- White, R. L., Parker, P. D., Lubans, D. R., MacMillan, F., Olson, R., Astell-Burt, T. et Lonsdale, C. (2018). Domain-specific physical activity and affective wellbeing among adolescents: An observational study of the moderating roles of autonomous and controlled motivation. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0722-0
- Wray-Lake, L., Shubert, J., Lin, L. et Starr, L. R. (2019). Examining associations between civic engagement and depressive symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood in a national US sample. Applied Developmental Science, 23(2), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2017.1326825
- Yates, M. et Youniss, J. (1996). A developmental perspective on commu-nity service in adolescence. Social Development, 5(1), 85–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.1996.tb00073.x