Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article a pour objectif de susciter la réflexion sur l’utilité du concept de « styles d’apprentissage » VAK (visuel, auditif, kinesthésique) en éducation. L’idée selon laquelle l’information est mieux apprise lorsque présentée dans un format compatible à la modalité sensorielle « préférée » ou « dominante » d’un individu est très en vogue, en éducation. Or, dans l’état actuel de la littérature scientifique, l’optimisation du rendement scolaire par l’appariement de modes d’enseignement aux styles d’apprentissage VAK (p. ex., présenter des diagrammes aux apprenants « visuels ») est une hypothèse de recherche encore en quête de validation. Lorsque véhiculée à tort comme un fait scientifique établi, l’hypothèse dite d’appariement revêt les apparences d’un mythe scientifique. Nous examinons d’abord les arguments évoqués pour attribuer un statut mythique aux styles d’apprentissage VAK. Puis, nous analysons les mises à l’épreuve empiriques de l’hypothèse d’appariement, reposant sur des méthodologies diverses (devis corrélationnel, devis expérimental, imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle, stimulation magnétique transcrânienne, enregistrement des mouvements oculaires), pour constater l’absence, jusqu’à présent, de données probantes en sa faveur. Nous abordons ensuite le point de vue selon lequel les styles d’apprentissage VAK pourraient avoir une portée pédagogique sans devoir évoquer le bien-fondé de l’hypothèse d’appariement. Enfin, nous proposons des pistes de recherche future, émettons des recommandations pour prévenir l’adoption de pratiques éducatives non fondées chez les étudiants en formation à l’enseignement, puis soulevons des approches pédagogiques autres que la prise en compte des styles d’apprentissage VAK pour différencier l’enseignement et favoriser la réussite scolaire.
Mots-clés :
- Styles d’apprentissage,
- VAK, éducation,
- neuromythes,
- hypothèse d’appariement,
- enseignement,
- pratiques éducatives,
- différenciation pédagogique,
- réussite scolaire
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to foster reflection on the usefulness of VAK (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) “learning styles” in education. The idea of promoting academic achievement by tailoring instructions to one’s “preferred” or “dominant” sensory modality is very popular in education. Yet, in the actual state of scientific investigation, improving performance by presenting information in formats matching students’ VAK learning styles (e.g., showing diagrams to “visual” learners) is still an unproven research hypothesis. When falsely conveyed as an established scientific fact, the so-called matching hypothesis takes on the appearance of a scientific myth. First, we examine arguments used to confer a mythical status to VAK learning styles. Then, we review basic scientific evidence, gathered from a variety of methodological designs (correlational, experimental, brain imagery, transcranial magnetic stimulation, eye tracking) to conclude in the absence so far of any positive learning outcome gained from matching target material’s presentation formats to VAK learning styles. We nevertheless raise the possibility that VAK learning styles may have an educational impact outside the matching hypothesis. Finally, we point out directions for future research, make some recommendations to prevent adoption of unfounded educational practices in student teachers, and highlight alternative pedagogical approaches to differentiate instruction and to promote academic achievement.
Keywords:
- Learning styles,
- VAK,
- education,
- neuromyths,
- matching hypothesis,
- teaching,
- educational practices,
- differentiated instruction,
- academic achievement
Download the article in PDF to read it.
Download
Appendices
Remerciements
Nous tenons à remercier les cinq lecteurs arbitres anonymes pour leurs critiques constructives de la version initiale de ce texte. Ce travail a bénéficié d’une subvention du Fonds des leaders de la Fondation canadienne pour l’innovation (FCI).
Bibliographie
- Adey, P. et Dillon, J. (dir.). (2012). Bad education: Debunking myths in education. Berkshire, UK: Open Univer-sity Press.
- Alferink, L.A. (2007). Educational practices, superstitious behavior and mythed opportunities. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 5(2), 21-30.
- Alferink, L.A. et Farmer-Dougan, V. (2010). Brain-(not) based education: Dangers of misunderstanding and misapplication of neuroscience research. Exceptionality, 18(1), 42-52. doi: 10.1080/09362830903462573
- Allaire-Duquette, G., Brault Foisy, L.-M. et Dion, J.S. (2014). Résumé de livre: « Sousa, D.A. et Tomlinson, C.A. (2013). Comprendre le cerveau pour mieux différencier: adapter l’enseignement aux besoins des apprenants grâce aux apports des neurosciences. Montréal, QC : Chenelière Éducation ». Neuroéducation, 3(1), 18-24.
- An, D. et Carr, M. (2017). Learning styles theory fails to explain learning and achievement: Recommendations for alternative approaches. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 410-416. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.050
- Ansari, D et Coch, D. (2006). Bridges over troubled waters: Education and cognitive neuroscience. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(4), 146-151. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.02.007
- Arbuthnott, K.D. et Krätzig, G.P. (2014). Effective teaching: Sensory learning styles versus general memory processes. Innovative Teaching/Comprehensive Psychology, 4, 2. doi: 10.2466/06.IT.4.2
- Armstrong, T. et Olatunji, B.O. (2012). Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(8), 704-723. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.004
- Baillargeon, N. (2013). Légendes pédagogiques. L’autodéfense intellec-tuelle en éducation. Montréal, QC : Poètes de Brousse.
- Bandler, R. et Grinder, J. (1975a). The structure of magic I: A book about language and therapy. Palo Alto, CA: Science & Behavior Books.
- Bandler, R. et Grinder, J. (1975b). The structure of magic II: A book about communication and change. Palo Alto, CA: Science & Behavior Books.
- Barbe, W.B., Swassing, R.H. et Milone, M.N. (1979). Teaching through modality strengths: Concepts and practices (2e éd.). Columbus, OH: Zaner-Bloser.
- Barge, J. (2014). Neuromythes et stéréotypes de genre : adhésion et effets sur le sentiment d’auto-efficacité parmi des élèves d’un gymnase lausannois. Mémoire de master inédit. Haute École Pédagogique, Lausanne, Suisse.
- Barsch, J. (1991). Barsch Learning Style Inventory. Novato, CA: Academic Therapy.
- Beck, C.R. (2001). Matching teaching strategies to learning style preferences. The Teacher Educator, 37(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1080/08878730109555276
- Bergeron, L., Vienneau, C. et Rousseau, N. (2014). Essai de synthèse sur les modalités de gestion pédagogique de la diversité chez les élèves. Enfance en difficulté, 3, 47-76. doi: 10.7202/1028012ar
- Biesta, G.J.J. (2010). Why “what works” still won’t work: From evidence-based education to value-based education. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 29(5), 491-503. doi: 10.1007/s11217-010-9191-x
- Blanchette Sarrasin, J. et Masson, S. (2017). Connaître les neuromythes pour mieux enseigner. Enjeux pédagogiques (revue de la Haute École Pédagogique des cantons de Berne, du Jura et de Neuchâtel, Suisse), 28, 16-18.
- Blanchette Sarrasin, J., Riopel, M. et Masson, S. (2017, août). Neuromyths and their origin among teachers in Quebec. Présentation affichée, 12th Conference of the European Science Education Research Association, Dublin, Irlande.
- Blazhenkova, O. et Kozhevnikov, M. (2009). The new object–spatial–verbal cognitive style model: Theory and measurement. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(5), 638-663. doi: 10.1002/acp.1473
- Brown, T.T. et Daly, A.J. (2016). Welcome to Educational Neuroscience [éditorial]. Educational Neuroscience, 1(1), 1-2. doi: 10.1177/2377616116632069
- Bruyckere, P. de, Kirschner, P.A. et Hulshof, C.D. (2015). Urban myths about learning and education. Amsterdam, Hollande: Elsevier.
- Cassidy, S. (2004). Learning styles: An overview of theories, models, and measures. Educational Psychology, 24(4), 419-444. doi: 10.1080/01443410 42000228834
- Chevrier, J., Fortin, G., Leblanc, R. et Théberge, M. (2000). Le style d’apprentissage : une perspective historique. Education et francophonie, 28(1), 20-46.
- Clement, N.D. et Lovat, T. (2012). Neuroscience and education: Issues and challenges for curriculum. Curriculum Inquiry, 42(4), 534-557. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-873X.2012.00602.x
- Coch, D. et Ansari, D. (2009). Thinking about mechanisms is crucial to connecting neuroscience and education. Cortex, 45(4), 546-547. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2008.06.001
- Coffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E. et Ecclestone, K. (2004a). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systematic and critical review. London, UK: Learning and Skills Research Centre. Repéré à http://www.leerbeleving.nl/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/learning-styles.pdf
- Coffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E. et Ecclestone, K. (2004b). Should we be using learning styles? What research has to say to practice. London, UK: Learning and Skills Research Centre. Repéré à http://itslifejimbutnotasweknowit.org.uk/files/LSRC_LearningStyles.pdf
- Constantinidou, F. et Baker, S. (2002). Stimulus modality and verbal learning performance in normal aging. Brain and Language, 82(3), 296-311. doi: 10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00018-4
- Cuthbert, P.F. (2005). The student learning process: Learning styles or learning approaches? Teaching in Higher Education, 10(2), 235-249. doi: 10.1080/1356251042000337972
- Dekker, S., Lee, N.C., Howard-Jones, P. et Jolles, J. (2012). Neuromyths in education: Prevalence and predictors of misconceptions among teachers. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 429. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00429
- Della Sala, S. et Anderson, M. (dir.). (2012). Neuroscience in education: The good, the bad and the ugly. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Dembo, M.H. et Howard, K. (2007). Advice about the use of learning styles: A major myth in education. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 37(2), 101-109. doi: 10.1080/10790195.2007.10850200
- Doudin, P.-A., Tardif, É. et Meylan, N. (2016). De l’utilité ambiguë des styles d’apprentissage et des neuromythes. Dans É. Tardif et P.-A. Doudin (dir.), Neurosciences et cognition : perspectives pour les sciences de l’éducation (p. 81-102). Bruxelles, Belgique : De Boeck.
- Dubinsky, J.M., Roehrig, G. et Varma, S. (2013). Infusing neuroscience into teacher professional development. Educational Researcher, 42(6), 317-329. doi: 10.3102/0013189X13499403
- Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K.A., Marsh, E.J., Nathan, M.J. et Willingham, D.T. (2013). Improving students’ learning with effective learning techniques: Promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 14(1), 4-58. doi: 10.1177/1529100612453266
- Dunn, R. et Dunn, K. (1978). Teaching students through their individual learning styles: A practical approach. Reston, VA: Prentice-Hall.
- Eisner, E. W. (1997). The promise and perils of alternative forms of data representation. Educational Researcher, 26(6), 4-10.
- Farmer-Dougan, V. et Alferink, L.A. (2013). Brain development, early childhood, and brain-based education: A critical analysis. Dans L.H. Wasserman et D. Zambo (dir.), Early childhood and neuroscience – Links to development and learning (p. 55-76). New York, NY: Springer.
- Felder, R.M. (2010). Are learning styles invalid? (Hint: No!). On-Course Newsletter. Repéré à http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/Papers/LS_Validity(On-Course).pdf
- Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (4e éd.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Fischer, K.W., Daniel, D.B., Immordino-Yang, M.H., Stern, E., Battro, A. et Koizumi, H. (2007). Why Mind, Brain, and Education? Why now? [éditorial]. Mind, Brain, and Education, 1(1), 1-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-228X.2007.00006.x
- Fleming, N.D. et Mills, C. (1992). Not another inventory, rather a catalyst for reflection. To Improve the Academy, 11(1), 137-155. doi: 10.1002/j.2334-4822.1992.tb00213.x
- Geake, J. (2008). Neuromythologies in education. Educational Research, 50(2), 123-133. doi: 10.1080/001318808 02082518
- Gilbert, D.T., Krull, D.S. et Malone, P.S. (1990). Unbelieving the unbelievable: Some problems in the rejection of false information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(4), 601-613. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.601
- Goswami, U. (2004). Neuroscience and education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74(Pt. 1), 1-14. doi: 10.1348/000709904322848798
- Goswami, U. (2006). Neuroscience and education: From research to practice? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(5), 406-413. doi: 10.1038/nrn1907
- Grinder, J. et Bandler, R. (1979). Frogs into princes: Neuro Linguistic Programming. Moab, UT: Real People Press.
- Grosbras, M.-H., Laird, A.R. et Paus, T. (2005). Cortical regions involved in eye movements, shifts of attention, and gaze perception. Human Brain Mapping, 25(1), 140-154. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20145
- Höffler, T.N., Koć-Januchta, M. et Leutner, D. (2017). More evidence for three types of cognitive style: Validating the Object–Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire using eye tracking when learning with texts and pictures. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31(1), 109-115. doi: 10.1002/acp.3300
- Hood, B., Howard-Jones, P.[A.], Laurillard, D., Bishop, D., Coffield, F., Frith, U., . . . Foulsham, T. (2017). No evidence to back idea of learning styles. The Guardian, 12 mars.
- Howard-Jones, P.A. (2008). Education and neuroscience [éditorial]. Educational Research, 50(2), 119-122. doi: 10.1038/nrn3817
- Howard-Jones, P.A. (2014). Neuroscience and education: Myths and messages. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(12), 817-824. doi: 10.1038/nrn3817
- Husmann, P.R. et O’Loughlin, V.D. (2018). Another nail in the coffin for learning styles? Disparities among undergraduate anatomy students’ study strategies, class performance, and reported VARK learning styles. Anatomical Sciences Education. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/ase.1777
- Im, S.-h, Cho, J.-Y., Dubinsky, J.M. et Varma, S. (2018). Taking an educational psychology course improves neuroscience literacy but does not reduce belief in neuromyths. PLoS ONE, 13(2), e0192163. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192163
- Jensen, E.P. (2008). A fresh look at brain-based education. Phi Delta Kappan, 89(6), 408-417. doi: 10.1177/003172170808900605
- Kirby, J.R., Moore, P.J. et Schofield, N.J. (1988). Verbal and visual learning styles. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 13(2), 169-184. doi: 10.1016/0361-476X(88)90017-3
- Kirschner, P.A. et van Merriënboer, J.J.G. (2013). Do learners really know best? Urban legends in education. Educational Psychologist, 48(3), 169-183. doi: 10.1080/00461520.2013.804395
- Knoll, A.R., Otani, H., Skeel, R.L. et Van Horn, K.R. (2017). Learning style, judgements of learning, and learning of verbal and visual information. British Journal of Psychology, 108(3), 544-563. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12214
- Koć-Januchta, M., Höffler, T, Thoma, G.-B., Prechtl, H. et Leutner, D. (2017). Visualizers versus verbalizers: Effects of cognitive style on learning with texts and pictures – An eye-tracking study. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 170-179. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.028
- Kolb, D.A. (1976). LSI – The Learning Style Inventory: Technical manual. Boston, MA: McBer.
- Kozhevnikov, M. (2007). Cognitive styles in the context of modern psychology: Toward an integrated framework of cognitive style. Psychological Bulletin, 133(3), 464-481. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.464
- Kozhevnikov, M., Evans, C. et Kosslyn, S.M. (2014). Cognitive style as environmentally sensitive individual differences in cognition: A modern synthesis and applications in education, business, and management. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(1), 3-33. doi: 10.1177/152910 0614525555
- Kraemer, D.J.M., Hamilton, R.H., Messing, S.B., DeSantis, J.H. et Thompson-Schill, S.L. (2014). Cognitive style, cortical stimulation, and the conversion hypothesis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 15. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00015
- Kraemer, D.J.M., Rosenberg, L.M. et Thompson-Schill, S.L. (2009). The neural correlates of visual and verbal cognitive styles. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(12), 3792-3798. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4635-08.2009
- Krätzig, G.P. et Arbuthnott, K.D. (2006). Perceptual learning style and learning proficiency: A test of the hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(1), 238-246. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.238
- Lafontaine, R. (1975). Les dysfonctions cérébrales mineures chez l’enfant. Le Médecin du Québec, 10(11), 40-49.
- Lafontaine, R. (1996). Visuels et auditifs. Une autre vision du modèle. Saint-Laurent, QC : Éditions du Trécarré.
- Lafontaine, R. et Lessoil, B. (1984). Êtes-vous auditif ou visuel? Vervier, Belgique : Marabout.
- Lafontaine, R. et Lessoil, B. (2012). Êtes-vous auditif ou visuel? Pour mieux connaître ses enfants et soi-même (3e édition). Les Éditions Québec-Livres (Québécor Média).
- La Garanderie, A. de (1980). Les profils pédagogiques. Paris, France : Éditions du Centurion.
- La Garanderie, A. de (1982). Pédagogie des moyens d’apprendre : les enseignants face aux profils pédagogiques. Paris, France : Bayard.
- Larivée, S. (2001). Science contre pseudo-sciences : un combat inégal. Revue canadienne de psycho-éducation, 30(1), 1-25.
- Larivée, S. (2017). Regards croisés sur l’analphabétisme scientifique et le processus d’évaluation par les pairs. Revue de psychoéducation, 46(1), 1-21. doi: 10.7202/1039679ar
- Latendresse, C., Larivée, S. et Miranda, D. (2006). La portée de l’« effet Mozart ». Succès souvenirs, fausses notes et reprises. Canadian Psychology, 47(2), 125-142. doi: 10.1037/cp2006004
- Leite, W.L., Svinicki, M. et Shi, Y. (2010). Attempted validation of the scores of the VARK: Learning Styles Inventory with multitrait–multimethod confirmatory factor analysis models. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(2), 323–339. doi: 10.1177/00131644093 44507
- Lessoil, B. et Lafontaine, R. (1981). L’univers des auditifs et des visuels. Québec, QC : Éditions du Nouveau Monde.
- Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Bigler, E.D. et Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment (5e éd.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Lieberman, M.G. (1986). The Hemispheric Mode Indicator (HMI). Technical notes. Barrington, IL: Excel, Inc.
- Lieury, A. (1990). Auditifs, visuels : la grande illusion. Cahiers pédagogiques, 287, 58-62.
- Lieury, A. (1991). La confusion des codes symboliques : verbal et imagé. Cahiers Pédagogiques, 291, 57-59.
- Lilienfeld, S.O., Ammirati, R. et David, M. (2012). Distinguishing science from pseudoscience in school psychology: Science and scientific thinking as safeguards against human error. Journal of School Psychology, 50(1), 7-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2011.09.006
- Lindell, A.K. et Kidd, E. (2011). Why right-brain teaching is half-witted: A critique of the misapplication of neuroscience to education. Mind, Brain, and Education, 5(3), 121-127. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-228X. 2011.01120.x
- Loi Zedda, M. (2014). Croyances chez les enseignants du primaire et du spécialisé à l’égard des neuromythes. Étudecomparée entre la Suisse Romande et le Québec. Mémoire de master inédit, Haute École Pédagogique, Lausanne, Suisse. Repéré à http://doc.rero.ch/record/259200/files/md_maspe_p18408_2014.pdf
- Macdonald, K., Germine, L., Anderson, L., Christodoulou, J. et McGrath, L.M. (2017). Dispelling the myth: Training in education or neuroscience decreases but does not eliminate beliefs in neuromyths. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1314. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01314
- Massa, L.J. et Mayer, R.E. (2006). Testing the ATI hypothesis: Should multimedia instruction accommodate verbalizer–visualizer cognitive style? Learning and Individual Differences, 16(4), 321-336. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2006.10.001
- Masson, S. (2012). La neuroéducation : mieux comprendre le cerveau pour mieux enseigner [éditorial]. Neuroéducation, 1(1), 3-4.
- Masson, S. (2015). Les apports de la neuroéducation à l’enseignement : des neuromythes aux découvertes actuelles. Approche neuropsychologique des apprentissages chez l’enfant, 134, 11-22.
- Mayer, R.E. (2000). What is the place of science in educational research? Educational Researcher, 29(6), 38-39.
- McCarthy, B. (1993). Hemispheric Mode Indicator (HMI). Barrington, IL: Excel, Inc.
- Meunier-Tardif, G. (1979). Le principe de Lafontaine. Montréal, QC : Libre Expression.
- Ministère de l’Éducation, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. (2015). Guide des initiatives inspirantes pour la réussite éducative des élèves autochtones. Québec, QC : Gouvernement du Québec. Repéré à http://www.education.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/site_web/documents/saacc/autochtones_dev_nordique/guide_initiatives_reussitescolaire_FR_2015.pdf
- Ministère de l’Éducation de l’Ontario. (2006). Le curriculum de l’Ontario, de la 1re à la 8e année – Français (édition révisée). Toronto, ON : Imprimeur de la Reine pour l’Ontario. Repéré à http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/fre/curriculum/elementary/subjects.html
- Myers, I. et Briggs, K. (1962). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Services.
- N’Zebo, H. et Morgantini, S. (2015). Neurosciences et neuromythes : représentations chez des élèves du primaire et du secondaire I. Mémoire de master inédit. Haute École Pédagogique, Lausanne, Suisse. Repéré à https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43673630.pdf
- Newton, P.M. (2015). The learning styles myth is thriving in higher education. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1908. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01908
- Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques. (2002). Comprendre le cerveau : vers une nouvelle science de l’apprentissage. Paris, France : OCDE.
- Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques. (2007). Comprendre le cerveau : naissance d’une science de l’apprentissage. Paris, France : OCDE.
- Othman, N. et Amiruddin, M.H. (2010). Different perspectives of learning styles from VARK model. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7(C), 652-660. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.10.088
- Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D. et Bjork, R. (2008). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(3), 105-119. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x
- Pasquinelli, E. (2012). Neuromyths: Why do they exist and persist? Brain, Mind, and Education, 6(2), 89-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-228X.2012.01141.x
- Peterson, E.R. et Meissel, K. (2015). The effect of Cognitive Style Analysis (CSA) test on achievement: A meta-analytic review. Learning and Individual Differences, 38, 115-122. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.01.011
- Purdy, N. (2008). Neuroscience and education: How best to filter out the neurononsense from our classrooms? Irish Educational Studies, 27(3), 197-208. doi: 10.1080/03323310802242120
- Rajaratnam, N. et D’cruz, S.M. (2016). Learning styles and learning approaches: Are they different? Education for Health, 29(1), 59-60.
- Rauscher, F.H., Shaw, G.L. et Ky, K.N. (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365(6447), 611. doi: 10.1038/365611a0
- Reinert, H. (1976). One picture is worth a thousand words? Not necessarily! The Modern Language Journal, 60(4), 160-168.
- Renzulli, J.S. et Smith, L.H. (1978). Learning Styles Inventory: A measure of student preference for instructional techniques. Mansfield Center, CT: Creative Learning Press.
- Richardson, A. (1977). Verbalizer–visualizer: A cognitive style dimension. Journal of Mental Imagery, 1(1), 109-125.
- Riding, R.[J.] (1991). Cognitive Styles Analysis users’ manual. Birmingham, UK: Learning and Training Technology.
- Riding, R.[J.] et Douglas, G. (1993). The effect of cognitive style and mode of presentation on learning performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63(2), 297-307.
- Riding, R.J. et Sadler-Smith, E. (1997). Cognitive style and learning strategies: Some implications for training design. International Journal of Training and Development, 1(3), 199-208.
- Riener, C. et Willingham, D. [T.] (2010). The myth of learning styles. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 42(5), 33-35. doi: 10.1080/00091383.2010.503139
- Risen, J. et Gilovich, T. (2007). Informal logical fallacies. Dans R.J. Sternberg, H.L. Roediger III et D.F. Halpern (dir.), Critical thinking in psychology (p. 110-130). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Robert, I. (1985). Le concept des auditifs et des visuels et le questionnaire de détermination du profil neurosensoriel, Q.D.P.N. Montréal, QC : Éditions Ivon Robert.
- Rogowsky, B.A., Calhoun, B.M. et Tallal, P. (2015). Matching learning style to instructional method: Effects on comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(1), 64-78. doi: 10.1037/a0037478
- Rohrer, D. et Pashler, H. (2012). Learning styles: Where’s the evidence? Medical Education, 46(7), 634-635. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04273.x
- Romanelli, F., Bird, E. et Ryan, M. (2009). Learning styles: A review of theory, application, and best practices. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 73(1), 9. doi: 10.5688/aj730 109
- Rose, D.H. et Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal Design for Learning. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
- Rundle, S. et Dunn, R. (2010). Learning styles: Online learning style assess-ments and community. Repéré à http://www.learningstyles.net
- Schmeck, R.R., Ribich, F. et Ramanaiah, N. (1977). Development of a self-report inventory for assessing individual differences in learning processes. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 413-431.
- Scott, C. (2010). The enduring appeal of ‘learning styles’. Australian Journal of Education, 54(1), 5-17. doi: 10.1177 /000494411005400102
- Shams, L. et Seitz, A.R. (2008). Benefits of multisensory learning. Trends in Cognitive Science, 12(11), 411-417. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.07.006
- Sharp, J.G., Bowker, R. et Byrne, J. (2008). VAK or VAK-uous? Towards the trivialisation of learning and the death of scholarship. ResearchPapersinEducation, 23(3), 293-314. doi: 10.1080/02671520701755416
- Smith, A. (1996). Accelerated learning in the classroom. Stafford, UK: Network Educational Press.
- Smith, A. (1998). Accelerated learning in practice: Brain-based methods for accelerating motivation and achie-vement. Stafford, UK: Network Educational Press.
- Sperry, R. (1982). Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemis-pheres. Science, 217(4566), 1223-1226. doi: 10.1126/science.7112125
- Spitzer, M. (2012). Education and neuroscience [éditorial]. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 1(1), 1-2. doi: 10.1016/jtine.2012.09.002
- Stahl, S.A. (1999). Different strokes for different folks? A critique of learning styles. American Educator, 23(3), 27-31.
- Sternberg, R.J., Grigorenko, E.L., Ferrari, M. et Clinkenbeard, P. (1999). A triarchic analysis of an aptitude–treatment interaction. EuropeanJournal of Psychological Assessment, 15(1), 3-13.
- Sternberg, R.J., Grigorenko, E.L. et Zhang, L. (2008). Styles of learning and thinking matter in instruction and assessment. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(6), 486-506. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00095.x
- Sylvan, L.J. et Christodoulou, J.A. (2010). Understanding the role of neuroscience in brain based products: A guide for educators and consumers. Mind, Brain, and Education, 4(1),1-7. doi: 10.1111 /j.1751-228X.2009.01077.x
- Tardif, É. et Doudin, P.-A. (2010). Neurosciences, neuromythes et sciences de l’éducation. Prisme (revue pédagogique de la Haute École Pédagogique de Lausanne, Suisse), 12, 11-14.
- Tardif, É. et Doudin, P.-A. (2011). Neurosciences cognitives et éducation : le début d’une collaboration. Formation et pratiques d’enseignement en questions (revue de la Haute École Pédagogique de Suisse romande et du Tessin), 12, 95-116.
- Tardif, É., Doudin, P.-A. et Meylan, N. (2015). Neuromyths among teachers and student teachers. Mind, Brain, and Education, 9(1), 50-59. doi: 10.1111/mbe.12070
- Taylor, L.E., Swerdfeger, A.L. et Eslick, G.D. (2014). Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine, 32(29), 3623-3629. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085
- VARK Learn Limited. (2018). VARK. A guide to learning styles. Repéré à http://vark-learn.com
- Wakefield, A.J., Murch, S.H., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D.M., Malik, M., . . . Walker-Smith, J.A. (1998). Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet, 351(9103), 637-641. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0
- Willingham, D.T., Hughes, E.M. et Dobolyi, D.G. (2015). The scientific status of learning styles theories. Teaching of Psychology, 42(3), 266-271. doi: 10.1177/0098628315589505
- Wiseman, A.W. (2010). The uses of evidence for educational policymaking: Global contexts and international trends. Review of Research in Education, 34(1), 1-24. doi: 10.3102/0091732X09350472
- Witkowski, T. (2010). Thirty-five years of research on neuro-linguistic programming. NLP research data base. State of the art or pseudoscientific decoration? Polish Psychological Bulletin, 41(2), 58-66. doi: 10.2478/v10059-010-0008-0
- Work-Learning Research. (2018). Learning Styles Challenge – Year Eight – Now at $5,000. Repéré à https://www.worklearning.com/2014/08/04/learning-styles-challenge-year-eight