Abstracts
Résumé
Diverses disciplines se sont intéressées à l’anorexie mentale au cours des dernières décennies et ont proposé différents modèles pour l’expliquer. Celui qui domine actuellement, le modèle biopsychosocial, permet de comprendre comment ce problème se met en place au niveau proximal. Toutefois, une question perdure : existe-t-il une fonction biologique à ce trouble? Il s’agit de l’énigme que les chercheurs adoptant une perspective évolutionniste ont tenté de résoudre. Plusieurs hypothèses ont été proposées et celles-ci seront revues et critiquées dans le cadre de cet article. Ensuite, une hypothèse alternative, l’hypothèse de la compétition intrasexuelle pour le rang, sera présentée et visera à accroître la valeur explicative des modèles proposés. Il sera argumenté que la restriction alimentaire et les troubles qui en découlent sont des sous-produits de l’intensification de la compétition entre les femmes dans la culture occidentale moderne. Alors qu’il aurait autrefois été adaptatif pour les femmes de compétitionner avec leurs consoeurs dans le but de correspondre aux traits physiques et psychologiques jugés désirables dans leur culture, ce mécanisme serait devenu hors de contrôle dans une société dont les critères de beauté sont irréalistes, voire inatteignables, et dans laquelle la minceur est glorifiée. La perspective évolutionniste, bien que parfois méconnue, a le mérite d’amener un point de vue novateur qui stimule la réflexion théorique à un niveau d’analyse différent, mais complémentaire, à ce que proposent les approches conventionnelles.
Mots-clés :
- anorexie mentale,
- troubles alimentaires,
- compétition,
- perspective évolutionniste
Abstract
Various disciplines have developed an interest in anorexia nervosa during the last decades and have presented different models to explain it. The biopsychosocial model, currently prevailing, allows to understand how this issue takes place on a proximal level. However, one question remains: is there a biological function to this disorder? This is the enigma that researchers adopting an evolutionary perspective have tried to solve. Several hypotheses have been formulated and those will be reviewed and criticized in the context of this paper. An alternative hypothesis will then be presented, the intrasexual competition for rank hypothesis, aiming to increase the explanatory value of the proposed models. It will be argued that self-starvation and disorders resulting from this behavior are by-products of the intensified competition existing between women in modern Western culture. While it would once have been adaptive for them to compete with other women in order to match the physical and psychological traits deemed desirable in their culture, this mechanism would have become out of control in a society who glorifies thinness and whose beauty criteria are unrealistic, if not unattainable. The evolutionary perspective, although sometimes disregarded, has the merit of bringing an innovative viewpoint that stimulates theoretical thinking at a different but complementary level of analysis compared to what the conventional approaches propose.
Keywords:
- anorexia nervosa,
- eating disorders,
- competition,
- evolutionary perspective
Appendices
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