Abstracts
Résumé
Les étudiants universitaires consultent de plus en plus les ressources d’aide psychologique de leur université pour divers troubles mentaux qui pourrait bien avoir le perfectionnisme comme facteur commun. Il est donc important d’y apporter une attention particulière. Plusieurs études ont été réalisées sur le perfectionnisme des étudiants universitaires sans offrir une vision globale du phénomène. Le présent article vise à présenter un modèle théorique hypothétique pour combler cette lacune et mieux comprendre l’expérience subjective des étudiants perfectionnistes afin d’en préciser les cibles d’intervention.
Mots-clés :
- perfectionnisme,
- étudiants universitaires,
- modèle théorique
Abstract
University students consult more then ever the psychological services of their university for various mental disorders that may well have perfectionism as a common factor. It is therefore important to pay special attention to that matter. Several studies have been done on perfectionism of university students without offering a global view of the phenomenon. This article aims to fill this gap with an hypothetical theoretical model for a better understanding of the subjective experience of perfectionist students and to specify targets for intervention.
Keywords:
- perfectionism,
- universtity students,
- theoretical model
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Adlaf, E. M., Gliksman, L., Demers, A. et Newton-Taylor, B. (2001). The prevalence of elevated psychological distress among canadian undergraduates: Findings from the 1998 Canadian Campus Survey. Journal of American College Health, 50(2), 67-72.
- American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (5e éd.). Arlington, VA.
- Arpin-Cribbie, C., Irvine, J. et Ritvo, P. (2012). Web-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for perfectionism: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy Research, 22(2), 194-207. doi: 10.1080/10503307. 2011.637242
- Arthur, N. et Hayward, L. (1997). The relationships between perfectionism, standards for academic achievement, and emotional distress in postsecondary students. Journal of College Student Development, 38(6), 622-632.
- Ashby, J. S. et Kottman, T. (1996). Inferiority as a distinction between normal and neurotic perfectionism. Individual Psychology: Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research & Practice, 52(3), 237-245.
- Barrett, S. P., Darredeau, C., Bordy, L. E. et Pihl, R. O. (2005). Characteristics of methylphenidate misuse in a university student sample. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(8), 457-461.
- Basco, M. R. (2000). Y a-t-il des perfectionnistes heureux? Montréal, Québec : Le Jour, Éditeur.
- Beery, R. G. (1975). Fear of failure in the student experience. Personnel & Guidance Journal, 54(4), 191-203. doi: 10.1002/j.2164-4918.1975.tb04220.x
- Besser, A., Flett, G. L. et Hewitt, P. L. (2004). Perfectionism, cognition, and affect in response to performance failure vs success. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 22(4), 301-328. doi: 10.1023/B:JORE.0000047313. 35872.5c
- Bieling, P. J., Israeli, A., Smith, J. et Antony, M. M. (2003). Making the grade: The behavioural consequences of perfectionism in the classroom. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(1), 163-178. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00173-3
- Blankstein, K. R., Dunkley, D. et Wilson, J. (2008). Evaluative concerns and personal standards perfectionism: Self-esteem as a mediator and moderator of relations with personal and academic needs and estimated GPA. Current Psychology, 27(1), 29-61. doi: 10.1007/s12144-008-9022-1
- Blankstein, K. R., Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L. et Eng, A. (1993). Dimensions of perfectionism and irrational fears: An examination with the fear survey schedule. Personality and Individual Differences, 15(3), 323-328. doi: 10. 1016/0191-8869(93)90223-p
- Blankstein, K. R., Lumley, C. et Crawford, A. (2007). Perfectionism, hopelessness, and suicide ideation: Revisions to diathesis-stress and specific vulnerability models. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 25(4), 279-319. doi: 10.1007/s10942-007-0053-6
- Blankstein, K. R. et Winkworth, G. R. (2004). Dimensions of perfectionism and levels of attributions for grades: Relations with dysphoria and academic performance. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 22(4), 267-295. doi: 10.1023/B:JORE.0000047312.20212.30
- Blatt, S. J. (1995). The destructiveness of perfectionism: Implications for the treatment of depression. American Psychologist, 50(12), 1003-1020. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.50.12.1003
- Blum, L. D. (2010). The “all-but-the-dissertation” student and the psychology of the doctoral dissertation. Journal of College Student Psycho-therapy, 24(2), 74-85. doi: 10.1080 /87568220903558554
- Bottos, S. et Dewey, D. (2004). Perfectionists’ appraisal of daily hassles and chronic headache. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 44(8), 772-779. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04144.x
- Bourdieu, P. (1982). Les rites comme actes d’institution. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 43, 58-63. doi: 10.3406/arss.1892.2159
- Branfman, T. et Bergler, E. (1955). Psychology of «perfectionism». American Imago, 12(1), 9-15.
- Brown, E. J., Heimberg, R. G., Frost, R. O., Makris, G. S., Juster, H. R. et Leung, A. W. (1999). Relationship of perfectionism to affect, expectations, attributions and performance in the classroom. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 18(1), 98-120.
- Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for self-defeat. Psychology Today, November, 34-52.
- Campbell, J. D. et DiPaula, A. (2002). Perfectionistic self-beliefs: Their relation to personality and goal pursuit. Dans G. L. Flett et P. L. Hewitt (dir.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment (p. 181-198). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Clance, P. R., Dingman, D., Reviere, S. L. et Stober, D. R. (1995). Impostor phenomenon in an interpersonal/social context: origins and treatment. Women & therapy, 16(4), 79-96.
- Conseil supérieur de l’éducation (2000). Réussir un projet d’études universitaires : Des conditions à réunir. Gouvernement du Québec. Repéré à http://www.cse.gouv.qc.ca/FR/Article/index.html?id=2000-05-004&cat=2000-05
- Council of Graduate Schools. (2008). Ph.D. completion and attrition: Analyse of baseline demographic data from de Ph.D. completion project.
- Cousineau, P. (2004). Y a-t-il des schémas précoces inadaptés prédisposant à l’anxiété? Santé mentale au Québec, 29(1), 53-60. doi: 10.7202/0088 19ar
- Covington, M. V. (1984). The self-worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications. The Elementary School Journal, 85(1), 5-20.
- Covington, M. V. (2000). Goal theory, motivation, and school achievement: An integrative review. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 171-200. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.171
- Crocker, J. et Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392-414.
- Cusso, R. (2008). Quand la Commission européenne promeut la société de la connaissance. Mots. Les langages du politique, 88, 39-52. Repéré à http://mots.revues.org/14263
- Deci, E. L. et Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Canadian Psychology, 49(1), 14-23. doi: 10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14
- Delisle, J. R. (1986). Death with honors: Suicide among gifted adolescents. Journal of Counseling & Development. Special Issue: Counseling the gifted and talented, 64(9), 558-560.
- DiBartolo, P. M., Frost, R. O., Chang, P., LaSota, M. et Grills, A. E. (2004). Shedding light on the relationship between personal standards and psychopathology: The case for contingent self-worth. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 22(4), 237-250. doi: 10.1023 /B:JORE.0000047310.94044.ac
- Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R. et Berg, J. L. (2012). Perfectionism dimensions and the five-factor model of personality. European Journal of Personality, 26(3), 233-244. doi: 10.1002/per.829
- Dunkley, D. M., Zuroff, D. C. et Blankstein, K. R. (2006). Specific perfectionism components versus self-criticism in predicting maladjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(4), 665-676. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.08.008
- Dykman, B. M. (1998). Integrating cognitive and motivational factors in depression: Initial tests of a goal-orientation approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 139-158. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.139
- Ellis, A. (2002). The role of irrational beliefs in perfectionism. Dans G. L. Flett et P. L. Hewitt (dir.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment (p. 217-229). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Fanget, F. (2006). Toujours mieux! Psychologie du perfectionnisme. Paris : Odile Jacob.
- Ferrari, J. R. (1992). Procrastinators and perfect behavior: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping components. Journal of Research in Personality, 26(1), 75-84. doi: 10.10 16/0092-6566(92)90060-h
- Ferrari, J. R. et Mautz, W. T. (1997). Predicting perfectionism: Applying tests of rigidity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 1-6.
- Finn, K. et Guay, M.-C. (2013). Perfectionnisme et anxiété de performance chez les étudiants universitaires. Revue de psychoéducation, 42(1), 1-23.
- Finn, K. et Guay, M.-C. (2014). Perfectionnisme et contingentement universitaire: existe-t-il un lien? Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 46(2), 252-261. doi: 10.1037/a0029618
- Fletcher, K. L., Shim, S. S. et Wang, C. (2012). Perfectionistic concerns mediate the relationship between psychologically controlling parenting and achievement goal orientations. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 876-881. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.02.001
- Flett, G. L., Besser, A., Davis, R. A. et Hewitt, P. L. (2003). Dimensions of perfectionism, unconditional self-acceptance, and depression. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 21(2), 119-138. doi: 10.1023/A:1025051431957
- Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. R. et Hewitt, P. L. (2009). Perfectionism, performance, and state positive affect and negative affect after a classroom test. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 24(1), 4-18. doi: 10.1177/0829573509332457
- Flett, G. L. et Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. Dans G. L. Flett et P. L. Hewitt (dir.), Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment (p. 5-31). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Flett, G. L. et Hewitt, P. L. (2006). Positive versus negative perfectionism in psychopathology: A comment on Slade and Owens’s dual process model. Behavior Modification, 30(4), 472-495. doi: 10.1177/0145445506288026
- Flett, G. L. et Hewitt, P. L. (2008). Treatment interventions for perfectionism--A cognitive perspective: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 26(3), 127-133. doi: 10.1007/s10942-007-0063-4
- Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R. et Gray, L. (1998). Psychological distress and the frequency of perfectionistic thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1363-1381. Repéré à http://hewittlab.psych.ubc.ca/pdfs/1998fhbg.pdf
- Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R. et Mosher, S. W. (1991). Perfectionism, self-actualization, and personal adjustment. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality. Special Issue: Handbook of self-actualization, 6(5), 147-160.
- Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R. et Mosher, S. W. (1995). Perfectionism, life events, and depressive symptoms: A test of a diathesis-stress model. Current Psychology, 14(2), 112-137. doi: 10.1007/BF02686885
- Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L. et Martin, T. R. (1995). Dimensions of perfectionism and procrastination. Dans S. Ferrari, J. Johnson et W. McCown (dir.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment. (p. 113-136). London: Plenum Press.
- Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Oliver, J. M. et Macdonald, S. (2002). Perfectionism in children and their parents: A developmental analysis. Dans G. L. Flett et P. L. Hewitt (dir.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. (p. 89-132): Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
- Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Whelan, T. et Martin, T. R. (2007). The Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory: Psychometric properties and associations with distress and deficits in cognitive self-management. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 25(4), 255-277. doi: 10.1007/s10942-007-0055-4
- Flett, G. L., Madorsky, D., Hewitt, P. L. et Heisel, M. J. (2002). Perfectionism cognitions, rumination, and psychological distress. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 20(1), 33-47. doi: 10.1023/a:1015128904007
- Fredtoft, T., Poulsen, S., Bauer, M. et Malm, M. (1996). Dependency and perfectionism: Short-term dynamic group psychotherapy for university students. Psychodynamic Counselling, 2(4), 476-497.
- Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I. et Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 119-126. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90181-2
- Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C. et Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449-468. doi: 10.1007/BF01172967
- Frost, R. O. et Marten, P. A. (1990). Perfectionism and evaluative threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(6), 559-572. doi: 10.1007/bf01173364
- Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Cohn, L. et Griess, K. (1994). Personality traits in subclinical and non-obsessive-compulsive volunteers and their parents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(1), 47-56. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90083-3
- Gaudreau, P. et Thompson, A. (2010). Testing a 2 × 2 model of dispositional perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 532-537. doi: 10.1016 /j.paid.2009.11.031
- Grebot, E. et Girard-Dephanix, N. (2004). Étude du rôle des schémas cognitifs précoces dans le choix de stratégie d’ajustement à une situation d’évaluation de la performance universitaire. Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive, 14(4), 156-164. doi: 10.1016/s1155-1704(04)97468-x
- Green, K. E. (1997). Psychological factors affecting dissertation completion. New Directions for Higher Education, 99, 57-64.
- Greenberg, J. (1985). Unattainable goal choice as a self-handicapping strategy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(2), 140-152. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb02340.x
- Greenspon, T. S. (2000). «Healthy perfectionism» is an oxymoron! Reflections on the psychology of perfectionism and the sociology of science. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 11(4), 197-208. doi: 10.4219/jsge-2000-631
- Grzegorek, J. L., Slaney, R. B., Franze, S. et Rice, K. G. (2004). Self-criticism, dependency, self-esteem, and grade point average satisfaction among clusters of perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 192-200. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.192
- Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 15(1), 27-33.
- Henning, K., Ey, S. et Shaw, D. (1998). Perfectionism, the impostor pheno-menon and psychological adjustment in medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students. Medical Education, 32(5), 456-464. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2923.1998.00234.x
- Hewitt, P. L. et Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456-470. Repéré à http://hewittlab.psych.ubc.ca/pdfs/1991hf2.pdf
- Hewitt, P. L. et Flett, G. L. (1993). Dimensions of perfectionism, daily stress, and depression: A test of the specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(1), 58-65. Repéré à http://hewittlab.psych.ubc.ca/pdfs/1993hf.pdf
- Hewitt, P. L. et Flett, G. L. (2007). When does conscientiousness become perfectionism? Current Psychiatry, 6(7), 49-60.
- Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L. et Ediger, E. (1996). Perfectionism and depression: Longitudinal assessment of a specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(2), 276-280. doi: 10.1037/0021-843x.105.2.276
- Higgins, E. T., Bond, R. N., Klein, R. et Strauman, T. (1986). Self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: How magnitude, accessibility, and type of discrepancy influence affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(1), 5-15.
- Hirsch, C. R. et Hayward, P. (1998). The perfect patient: Cognitive-behavioural therapy for perfectionism. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26(4), 359-364.
- Hollender, M. H. (1965). Perfectionism. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 6(2), 94-103.
- Kasser, T. et Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the american dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(3), 280-287. doi: 10.1177/0146167296223006
- Kearns, H., Gardiner, M. et Marshall, K. (2008). Innovation in PhD completion: The hardy shall succeed (and be happy!). Higher Education Research & Development, 27(1), 77-89. doi: 10.1080/07294360701658781
- Kobori, O., Hayakawa, M. et Tanno, Y. (2009). Do perfectionists raise their standards after success? An experimental examination of the revaluation of standard setting in perfectionism. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40(4), 515-521. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.07.003
- Kobori, O., Yamagata, S. et Kijima, N. (2005). The relationship of temperament to multidimensional perfectionism trait. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(1), 203-211. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.04.003
- Kutlesa, N. et Arthur, N. (2008). Overcoming negative aspects of perfectionism through group treatment. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 26(3), 134-150. doi: 10.1007/s10942-007-0064-3
- Laplanche, J. et Pontalis, J.-B. (2007). Vocabulaire de la psychanalyse. (5e éd.). Paris, France : Presses universitaires de France.
- Le Petit Larousse illustré. (Dir.) (2013). Paris, France : Larousse.
- Léouzon, R. (2014, 7 octobre). Importants besoins d’aide en santé mentale pour les étudiants, Journal Métro. Repéré à http://journalmetro.com/plus/sante/570754/nouveaux-programmes-daide-en-sante-mentale-pour-les-etudiants/
- Mallinger, A. E. (1984). The obsessive’s myth of control. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 12(2), 147-165.
- Maltsberger, J. T. (1998). Robert Salter: Attempted suicide by jumping from a high bridge. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 28(2), 226-233. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.1998.tb00641.x
- Masson, A. M., Cadot, M. et Ansseau, M. (2003). Perfectionnisme : effets du sexe et de l’échec. L’Encéphale, 29(2), 125-135. doi: ENC-4-2003-29-2-0013-7006-101019-ART5
- McFall, M. E. et Wollersheim, J. P. (1979). Obsessive-compulsive neurosis: A cognitive-behavioral formulation and approach to treatment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3(4), 333-348. doi: 10.1007/bf01184447
- Mills, J. S. et Blankstein, K. R. (2000). Perfectionism, intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation, and motivated strategies for learning: A multidimensional analysis of university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(6), 1191-1204. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00003-9
- Miquelon, P., Vallerand, R. J., Grouzet, F. M. E. et Cardinal, G. (2005). Perfectionism, academic motivation, and psychological adjustment: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(7), 913-924. doi: 10.1177/0146167204272298
- Morin, S. (2008). Mondialisation et internationalisation en éducation supérieure. Policy Options, March, 75-79. Repéré à http://www.irpp.org/po/archive/mar08/morin.pdf
- Nekanda-Trepka, C. J. S. (1984). Perfectionism and the threat to self-esteem in clinical anxiety. Dans R. Schwarzer (dir.), The self in anxiety, stress and depression (Vol. 21, p. 125-132). Amsterdam, Pays-Bas: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
- Nerad, M. et Cerny, J. (1993). From facts to action: Expanding the graduate division’s educational role. New Directions for Institutional Research, 1993(80), 27-39. doi: 10.1002/ir.37019938005
- Nugent, S. A. (2000). Perfectionism: Its manifestations and classroom-based interventions. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 11(4), 215-221.
- O’Connor, D. B., O’Connor, R. C. et Marshall, R. (2007). Perfectionism and psychological distress: Evidence of the mediating effects of rumination. European Journal of Personality, 21(4), 429-452. doi: 10.1002/per.616
- Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2000). Academic procrastinators and perfectionistic tendencies among graduate students. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 103-109.
- Onwuegbuzie, A. J. et Daley, C. E. (1999). Perfectionism and statistics anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 26(6), 1089-1102. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00214-1
- Pacht, A. R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 39(4), 386-390.
- Pallanti, S. (2004). Review of Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1511. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1511
- Pirbaglou, M., Cribbie, R., Irvine, J., Radhu, N., Vora, K. et Ritvo, P. (2013). Perfectionism, anxiety, and depressive distress: Evidence for the mediating role of negative automatic thoughts and anxiety sensitivity. Journal of American College Health, 61(8), 477-483. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2013.833932
- Powers, T. A., Koestner, R., Zuroff, D. C., Milyavskaya, M. et Gorin, A. A. (2011). The effects of self-criticism and self-oriented perfectionism on goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(7), 964-975. doi: 10.1177/0146167211410246
- Pyryt, M. C. (2007). The giftedness/perfectionism connection: Recent research and implications. Gifted Education International, 23(3). doi: 10.1177/026142940702300308
- Radhu, N., Daskalakis, Z. J., Arpin-Cribbie, C. A., Irvine, J. et Ritvo, P. (2012). Evaluating a web-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for maladaptative perfectionism in university students. Journal of American College Health, 60(5), 357-366.
- Randles, D., Flett, G. L., Nash, K. A., McGregor, I. D. et Hewitt, P. L. (2010). Dimensions of perfectionism, behavioral inhibition, and rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(2), 83-87. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.002
- Rhéaume, J., Ladouceur, R. et Freeston, M. H. (2000). The prediction of obsessive-compulsive tendencies: Does perfectionism play a significant role? Personality and Individual Differences, 28(3), 583-592. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00121-x
- Rice, K. G. et Ashby, J. S. (2007). An efficient method for classifying perfectionists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 72-85. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.72
- Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S. et Slaney, R. B. (2007). Perfectionism and the five-factor model of personality. Assessment, 14(4), 385-398. doi: 10.1177/1073191107303217
- Rice, K. G., Leever, B. A., Christopher, J. et Porter, J. D. (2006). Perfectionism, stress, and social (dis)connection: A short-term study of hopelessness, depression, and academic adjustment among honors students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 524-534.
- Rice, K. G. et Slaney, R. B. (2002). Clusters of perfectionists: Two studies of emotional adjustment and academic achievement. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 35(1), 35-48.
- Riley, C., Lee, M., Cooper, Z., Fairburn, C. G. et Shafran, R. (2007). A randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behaviour therapy for clinical perfectionism: A preliminary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(9), 2221-2231. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.12.003
- Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A. et Evans, D. E. (2000). Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 122-135. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.122
- Schimel, J., Arndt, J., Pyszczynski, T. et Greenberg, J. (2001). Being accepted for who we are: Evidence that social validation of the intrinsic self reduces general defensiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 35-52. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.35
- Schrag, F. (2004). Perfectionism and equality: The liberal educator’s dilemma. Philosophy of education. Repéré à http://ojs.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/pes/article/view/1330/80
- Scott, L. et O’Hara, M. W. (1993). Self-discrepancies in clinically anxious and depressed university students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(2), 282-287.
- Shafran, R., Cooper, Z. et Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Clinical perfectionism: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(7), 773-791.
- Shafran, R. et Mansell, W. (2001). Perfectionism and psychopathology: A review of research and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(6), 879-906. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00072-6
- Slade, P. D. et Owens, R. G. (1998). A dual process model of perfectionism based on reinforcement theory. Behavior Modification, 22(3), 372-390. doi: 10.1177/01454455980223010
- Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., Mobley, M., Trippi, J. et Ashby, J. S. (2001). The revised almost perfect scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(3), 130-145.
- Solomon, L. J. et Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 503-509. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
- Sorotzkin, B. (1985). The quest for perfection: Avoiding guilt or avoiding shame? Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 22(3), 564-571. doi: 10.1037/h0085541
- Soysa, C. K. et Weiss, A. (2014). Mediating perceived parenting styles-test anxiety relationship: Academic procrastination and maladaptive perfectionism. Learning & Individual Differences, 34, 77-85.
- Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
- Stoeber, J., Feast, A. R. et Hayward, J. A. (2009). Self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism: Differential relationships with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and test anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(5), 423-428. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.014
- Stoeber, J. et Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295-319. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
- Stoeber, J., Schneider, N., Hussain, R. et Matthews, K. (2014). Perfectionism and negative affect after repeated failure: Anxiety, depression, and anger. Journal of Individual Differences, 35, 87-94. doi: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000130
- Stoeber, J. et Yang, H. (2010). Perfectionism and emotional reactions to perfect and flawed achievements: Satisfaction and pride only when perfect. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(3), 246-251. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.044
- Stumpf, H. et Parker, W. D. (2000). A hierarchical structural analysis of perfectionism and its relation to other personality characteristics. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(5), 837-852. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00141-5
- Suddarth, B. H. et Slaney, R. B. (2001). An investigation of the dimensions of perfectionism in college students. Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development (American Counseling Association), 34(3), 157-165.
- Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. et Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 469-478. doi: 10.1037/0021-843x.101.3.469
- Terry-Short, L. A., Owens, R. G., Slade, P. D. et Dewey, M. E. (1995). Positive and negative perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(5), 663-668. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(94)00192-u
- Todorov, C. et Bazinet, A. (1996). Le perfectionnisme : Aspects conceptuels et cliniques. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 41(5), 291-298.
- Tozzi, F., Aggen, S. H., Neale, B. M., Anderson, C. B., Mazzeo, S. E., Neale, M. C. et Bulik, C. M. (2004). The structure of perfectionism: A twin study. Behavior Genetics, 34(5), 483-494. doi: 10.1023/b:bege.0000038486.47219.76
- Turner, L. A. et Turner, P. E. (2011). The relation of behavioral inhibition and perceived parenting to maladaptive perfectionism in college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(6), 840-844. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011. 01.006
- UNESCO. (2005). Vers les sociétés du savoir : Rapport mondial de l’UNESCO (p. 1-234). Paris : Éditions UNESCO.
- Ward, A. M. et Ashby, J. S. (2008). Multidimensional perfectionism and the self. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 22(4), 51-65. doi: 10.1080/87568220801952222
- Whitaker, L. C. (2008). Editorial introduction. Journal of College Student Psycho- therapy, 22(4), 1-2. doi: 10.1080/87568 220801952131
- Witcher, L. A., Alexander, E. S., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Collins, K. M. T. et Witcher, A. E. (2007). The relationship between psychology students’ levels of perfectionism and achievement in a graduate-level research methodology course. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1396-1405. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.016
- Wrosch, C., Miller, G. E., Scheier, M. F. et de Pontet, S. B. (2007). Giving up on unattainable goals: Benefits for health? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(2), 251-265. doi: 10.1177/0146167206294905
- Wrosch, C., Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S. et Schulz, R. (2003). The importance of goal disengagement in adaptive self-regulation: When giving up is beneficial. Self and Identity, 2(1), 1-20. doi: 10.1080/15298860309021
- Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. et Weishaar, M. E. (2005). La thérapie des schémas : approche cognitive des troubles de la personnalité. Bruxelles, Belgique : Éditions De Boeck Université.
- Zeidner, M. (1998). Test anxiety: The state of the art. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers.
- Zeidner, M. (2007). Test anxiety in educational contexts: Concepts, findings, and future directions. Dans P. A. Schultz et R. Pekrun (dir.), Emotions in education (p. 165-184). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
- Zeidner, M. et Schleyer, E. J. (1999a). The big-fish-little-pond effect for academic self-concept, test Anxiety, and school grades in gifted children. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 24(4), 305-329. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1998.0985
- Zeidner, M. et Schleyer, E. J. (1999b). Test Anxiety in intellectually gifted school students. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 12(2), 163-189.