Abstracts
Abstract
The effect of harvest date on the incidence of seed-borne Fusarium spp. and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was studied using three cultivars at three locations in Ontario in both 2004 and 2005. The profile of seed-borne Fusarium spp. was dominated by F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc., F. sporotrichioides Sherb., and F. poae (Peck) Wollenw., isolated from 4.4%, 3.3%, and 1.6% of the kernels, representing 39.3%, 29.4%, and 14.2% of the Fusarium pathogen population, respectively. Fusarium graminearum Schwabe and F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. were each recovered from <1% of the kernels and represented 8.3% and 6.6% of the pathogen population, respectively. Other species, including F. acuminatum Ellis & Everh., F. culmorum (W.G. Sm.) Sacc., and F. semitectum Berk. & Rav., collectively occurred only on 0.2% of all kernels and represented <2% of the population. The incidence level of all Fusarium spp. increased from 6.9 to 13.9% when harvest was delayed. Of the commonly recovered species, only F. avenaceum and F. sporotrichioides levels increased with the delayed harvest, while other species did not follow a clear pattern. DON concentration in the harvested grain ranged from 0.20 to 0.28 mg kg‑1 with the five harvest dates, and was not statistically different. Significant differences in the incidence of all Fusarium spp. and in DON concentration were observed among cultivars, locations, and between the 2 yr of the study. The highest DON concentration observed in this study was 0.5 mg kg‑1, which is below the Canadian tolerance level of 1.0 mg kg‑1.
Keywords:
- Fusarium spp.,
- fusarium head blight (FHB),
- barley,
- Hordeum vulgare,
- harvesting time,
- deoxynivalenol (DON)
Résumé
L’effet de la date de récolte sur l’incidence des concentrations aéroportées de Fusarium spp. et de désoxynivalénol (DON) chez l’orge (Hordeum vulgare L.) a été étudié à l’aide de trois cultivars dans trois sites en Ontario en 2004 et 2005. Le profil des Fusarium spp. aéroportées était dominé par F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc., F. sporotrichioides Sherb. et F. poae (Peck) Wollenw., retrouvées dans 4,4 %, 3,3 % et 1,6 % des grains et représentant 39,3 %, 29,4 % et 14,2 % de la population pathogène de Fusarium, respectivement. Fusarium graminearum Schwabe et F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. ont été retrouvées dans <1 % des grains et représentaient 8,3 % et 6,6 % de la population pathogène, respectivement. D’autres espèces, y compris F. acuminatum Ellis & Everh., F. culmorum (W.G. Sm.) Sacc. et F. semitectum Berk. & Rav., étaient présentes dans seulement 0,2 % des grains et représentaient <2 % de la population. Le taux d’incidence de toutes les espèces de Fusarium augmentait de 6,9 à 13,9 % lorsque la récolte était retardée. Chez les espèces les plus souvent retrouvées, seuls les taux de F. avenaceum et F. sporotrichioides ont augmenté lorsqu’on retardait la récolte, alors que les autres espèces n’ont pas suivi de tendance claire. Les concentrations de DON dans les grains récoltés variaient entre 0,20 et 0,28 mg kg‑1 selon les cinq dates de récolte et n’étaient pas statistiquement différentes. Des différences significatives dans l’incidence de toutes les espèces de Fusarium et dans les concentrations de DON ont été observées entre les cultivars, entre les sites, et entre les deux années de l’étude. La concentration de DON la plus élevée observée au cours de l’étude était de 0,5 mg kg‑1, ce qui se situe sous le seuil canadien de tolérance de 1,0 mg kg‑1.
Mots clés:
- brulûre de l’épi,
- date de récolte,
- désoxynivalénol (DON),
- Fusarium spp.,
- Hordeum vulgare,
- orge
Appendices
References
- Beattie, S., P.B. Schwarz, R. Horsley, J. Barr, and H.H. Casper. 1998. The effect of grain storage conditions on the viability of Fusarium and deoxynivalenol production in infested malting barley. J. Food Prot. 61 : 103-106.
- Bottalico, A., and G. Perrone. 2002. Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with head blight in small-grain cereals in Europe. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108 : 611-624.
- Campbell, H., T.W. Choo, B. Vigier, and L. Underhill. 2002. Comparison of mycotoxin profiles among cereal samples from Eastern Canada. Can. J. Bot. 80 : 526-532.
- Choo, T.M., R.A. Martin, K.M. Ho, Q. Shen, G. Fedak, M. Savard, H.D. Voldeng, D.E. Falk, M. Etienne, and E. Sparry. 2004. Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation of barley in eastern canada: cultivar response and correlation analysis. Plant Dis. 88 : 837-844.
- Clear, R.M., S.K. Patrick, R.G. Platford, and M. Desjardins. 1996. Occurrence and distribution of Fusarium species in barley and oat seed from Manitoba in 1993 and 1994. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 18 : 409-414.
- Desjardins, A.E. 2006. Fusarium mycotoxins: chemistry, genetics, and biology. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA. 260 p.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2004. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 81, Rome, Italy. 180 p.
- Hestbjerg, H., K.F. Nielsen, U. Thrane, and S. Elmholt. 2002. Production of trichothecenes and other secondary metabolites by Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium equiseti on common laboratory media and a soil organic matter agar: an ecological interpretation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 : 7593-7599.
- Horsley, R.D., J.D. Pederson, P.B. Schwarz, K. McKay, M.R. Hochhalter, and M.P. McMullen. 2006. Integrated use of tebuconazole and fusarium head blight-resistant barley genotypes. Agron. J. 98 : 194-197.
- Langseth, W., and H. Stabbetorp. 1996. The effect of lodging and time of harvest on deoxynivalenol contamination in barley and oats. J. Phytopathol. 144 : 241-245.
- McMullen, M., R. Jones, and D. Gallenberg. 1997. Scab of wheat and barley: a re-emerging disease of devastating impact. Plant Dis. 81 : 1340-1348.
- Miller, J.D., and P.G. Arnison. 1986. Degradation of deoxynivalenol by suspension cultures of the fusarium head blight resistant wheat cultivar Frontana. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 8 : 147-150.
- Miller, J.D., J.W. Simon, B.A. Blackwell, R. Greenhalgh, and A. Taylor. 2001. Deoxynivalenol: a 25-year perspective on a trichothecene of agricultural importance. Pages 310-320 in B.A. Summerell, J.F. Leslie, D. Backhouse, W.L. Bryden, and L.E. Burgess (eds.), Fusarium. Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA. 392 p.
- Mueller, H.-M., J. Reimann, U. Schumacher, and K. Schwadorf. 1997. Natural occurrence of Fusarium toxins in barley harvested during five years in an area of southwest Germany. Mycopathologia 137 : 185-192.
- Nelson, P.E., T.A. Toussoun, and W.F.O. Marasas. 1983. Fusarium species. An illustrated manual for identification. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA, USA. 193 p.
- Nielsen, L.K., J.D. Jensen, G.C. Nielsen, J.E. Jensen, N.H. Spliid, I.K. Thomsen, A.F. Justesen, D.B. Collinge, and L.N. Jørgensen, 2011. Fusarium head blight of cereals in Denmark: species complex and related mycotoxins. Phytopathology 101 : 960-969.
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). 2002. Agronomy guide for field crops. OMAFRA, Guelph, ON, Canada. Publication No. 811. 300 p.
- Placinta, C.M., J.P.F. D’Mello, and A.M.C. Macdonald. 1999. A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 78 : 21-37.
- Salas, B., B.J. Steffenson, H.H. Casper, B. Tacke, L.K. Prom, T.G.Jr. Fetch, and P.B. Schwarz. 1999. Fusarium species pathogenic to barley and their associated mycotoxins. Plant Dis. 83 : 667-674.
- Samson., R.A., E.S. Hoekstra, J.C. Frisvad, and O. Filtenborg. 2000. Introduction to food- and airborne fungi. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 389 p.
- Sinha, R.C., M.E. Savard, and R. Lau. 1995. Production of monoclonal antibodies for the specific detection of deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol by ELISA. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43 : 1740-1744.
- Sturz, A.V., and H.W. Johnston. 1985. Characterization of Fusarium colonization of spring barley and wheat produced on stubble or fallow soil. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 7 : 770-776.
- Tekauz, A., B.D. McCallum, and J. Gilbert. 2000. Fusarium head blight of barley in western Canada: a review. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 22 : 9-16.
- Thrane, U., A. Adler, P.-E. Clasen, F. Galvano, W. Langseth, H. Lew, A. Logrieco, K.F. Nielsen, and A. Ritieni. 2004. Diversity in metabolite production by Fusarium langsethiae, Fusarium poae, and Fusarium sporotrichioides. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 95 : 257-266.
- Watanabe, T. 1994. Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi – Morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 411 p.
- Xue, A.G., and Y. Chen. 2010. Diseases of barley in eastern Ontario in 2009. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 90 : 68-69.
- Xue, A.G., J. Fregeau-Reid, J. Rowsell, C. Babcock, G.J. Hoekstra, and E. Sparry. 2004. Effect of harvesting time on incidence of seed-borne Fusarium spp. in spring wheat in eastern Ontario. Can. J. Plant Sci. 84 : 757-763.
- Xue, A.G., K.M. Ho, Y. Chen, and F. Sabo. 2005. Diseases of barley in central and eastern Ontario in 2004. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 85 : 23-24.
- Xue, A.G., K.M. Ho, G. Butler, B.J. Vigier, and C. Babcock. 2006a. Pathogenicity of Fusarium species causing head blight in barley. Phytoprotection 87 : 55-61.
- Xue, A.G., T. Chen, and K.M. Ho. 2006b. Diseases of barley in central and eastern Ontario in 2005. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 86 : 41-42.
- Zadoks, J.C., T.T. Chang, and C.F. Konzak. 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Res. 14 : 415-421.