Abstracts
Abstract
Fire blight disease is one of the most destructive diseases of pome fruits. Due to the lack of effective, non-phytotoxic and publicly acceptable materials for controlling fire blight in pome fruit trees, new strategies to manage Erwinia amylovora fire blight are being sought. The resistance-inducing compounds prohexadione-Ca, harpin protein and benzothiadiazole (acibenzolar-S-methyl), the fertilizer humic acid, the bactericides streptomycin and copper salts, and combinations of copper with chemicals were evaluated for their ability to control fire blight on quince and loquat cultivars. Prohexadione-Ca was applied at a rate of 125 mg L-1 at two shoot lengths (6-12 cm and 15-20 cm), while benzothiadiazole + metalaxyl (135 mg L-1) and harpin (50 mg L-1) were applied when the shoots measured between 15-20 cm, and again at 30-35 cm. On loquat cv. Cukurgobek, benzothiadiazole + metalaxyl showed about 60% effectiveness. The addition of copper salts reduced the effectiveness of benzothiadiazole + metalaxyl. On quince cultivars, streptomycin (P ≤ 0.05) was the most effective treatment during both years, followed by the harpin protein alone and in combination with copper salts. Prohexadione-Ca, benzothiadiazole + metalaxyl, and harpin protein applications reduced disease severity on inoculated shoots compared with copper and untreated controls. Prohexadione-Ca reduced both shoot length and shoot blight on the two hosts. Humic acid applications were ineffective in controlling fire blight on loquat and quince cultivars. Quince cv. Eşme showed lower disease severity than cv. Ekmek (P ≤ 0.05). The use of resistance-inducing substances during the early phase of shoot growth may offer a means of managing the shoot blight phase of fire blight disease on quince and loquat.
Keywords:
- Cydonia,
- Eriobotrya,
- Erwinia amylovora,
- growth regulation,
- systemic acquired resistance
Résumé
La brûlure bactérienne est l'une des maladies les plus néfastes chez les fruits à pépins. En l'absence de produits efficaces, non phytotoxiques et socialement acceptables pour lutter contre cette maladie causée par Erwinia amylovora chez les pomoïdées, de nouvelles stratégies sont recherchées. La capacité de certains composés pouvant induire de la résistance (prohéxadione-Ca, protéine harpine et benzothiadiazole (acibenzolar-S-méthyle)), de l'acide humique utilisé en tant que fertilisant, de bactéricides (streptomycine et sel de cuivre), ainsi que des combinaisons de cuivre et de produits chimiques à lutter contre la brûlure bactérienne chez des cultivars de néflier du Japon et de cognassier a été évaluée. La prohéxadione-Ca a été appliquée à un taux de 125 mg L-1 sur deux longueurs de pousses (6-12 cm et 15-20 cm), tandis que le benzothiadiazole + métalaxyl (135 mg L-1) et l'harpine (50 mg L-1) ont été appliqués sur des pousses alors qu'elles mesuraient entre 15 et 20 cm, puis à nouveau alors qu'elles mesuraient entre 30 et 35 cm. Chez le néflier du Japon cv. Cukurgobek, un taux d'efficacité d'environ 60 % a été obtenu avec le benzothia- diazole + métalaxyl; cependant, l'ajout de sel de cuivre en a réduit l'efficacité. Sur les cultivars de cognassier, la protéine harpine, utilisée seule et en combinaison avec le sel de cuivre, s'est avérée le traitement le plus efficace durant les deux années de l'étude, après la streptomycine (P ≤ 0.05). La prohéxadione-Ca, le benzothiadiazole + métalaxyl et les protéines harpines ont réussi à réduire la gravité de la maladie chez des pousses inoculées comparativement aux témoins traités au cuivre et aux témoins non traités. La prohéxadione-Ca a réduit à la fois la longueur et la brûlure des pousses chez les deux hôtes. Les applications d'acide humique n'ont pas réussi à réduire l'incidence de la brûlure bactérienne chez les cultivars de néflier du Japon et de cognassier. Le cognassier cv. Eşme a été moins gravement affecté par la maladie que le cv. Ekmek (P ≤ 0.05). L'utilisation de substances pouvant induire de la résistance durant la phase initiale de croissance des pousses peut être une façon de lutter contre la brûlure des pousses causée par la brûlure bactérienne chez le cognassier et le néflier du Japon.
Mots clés:
- Cydonia,
- Eriobotrya,
- Erwinia amylovora,
- régulation de la croissance,
- résistance systémique acquise
Appendices
References
- Aldwinckle, H., R.M.V. Bhaskara, and J. Norelli. 2002. Evaluation of control of fire blight infection of apple blossoms and shoots with SAR inducers, biological agents, a growth regulator, copper compounds and other materials. Acta Hortic. 590 : 325-331.
- Anonymous. 1996. Standard pesticide experiment methods to fire blight disease [E. amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al.] on pears, quinces and apples. Standard Pesticide Experiment Methods for Agricultural Control. Vol. 2, Plant Diseases. TAGEM, Ankara. 261 p.
- Anonymous. 1997. The plant activator, nature created the concept. Novartis Crop Prot.16 : 1-35.
- Anonymous. 2000. Humic acid applying crops, biotechnology for soil and plant. Humintech Technical Brochure, Turkey. 20 p.
- Anonymous. 2002. Messenger®, technical bulletin. Eden Bioscience Corporation, Washington, USA. 3 p.
- Basak, A., and W. Rademacher. 2000. Growth regulation of pome and stone fruit trees by use of prohexadione-Ca. Acta Hortic. 514 : 41-50.
- Bastas, K.K., and S. Maden. 2004. Researches on the control of fire blight (E. amylovora) with prohexadione-Ca (Bas 125 10 W) and benzothiadiazole + metalaxyl (Bion MX 44 WG). Selcuk Univ. J. Agric. Fac. 18 (33) : 49-58.
- Bazzi, C., C. Messina, L. Tortoreto, E. Stefani, F. Bini, A. Brunelli, C. Andreotti, E. Sabatini, F. Spinelli, G. Costa, S. Hauptmann, G. Stammler, S. Doerr, J. Marr, and W. Rademacher. 2003. Control of pathogen incidence in pome fruits and other horticultural crop plants with prohexadione-Ca. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci. 68 : 108-114.
- Brisset, M.N., S. Cesbron, S.V. Thomson, and J.P. Paulin. 2000. Acibenzolar-S-methyl induces the accumulation of defense related enzymes in apple and protects from fire blight. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 106 : 529-536.
- Buban, T., P. Sallai, E. Obzsut-Truskovszky, and L. Hertelendy. 2002. Trials with applying chemical agents other than bactericides to control fire blight in pear orchards. Acta Hortic. 590 : 263-267.
- Buban, T., L. Földes, A. Kormany, S. Hauptmann, G. Stammler, and W. Rademacher. 2003. Prohexadione-Ca in apple trees: control of shoot growth and reduction of fire blight incidence in blossoms and shoots. J. Appl. Bot. 77 : 95-102.
- Byers, R.E., and K.S. Yoder. 1997. The effect of Bas 125 W on apple tree growth, fruit quality and fire blight suppression. HortScience 32 (3) : 557.
- Cline, J.A., and D.M. Hunter. 2002. Fire blight and vegetative growth control response of several Malus rootstocks and cultivars treated with prohexadione calcium (Apogee). XXVIth Int. Hortic. Congr., Toronto (CA), p. 42.
- Costa, G., C. Andreotti, F. Bucchi, E. Sabatini, C. Bazzi, S. Malaguti, and W. Rademacher. 2001a. Prohexadione- Ca (Apogee): growth regulation and reduced fire blight incidence in pear. HortScience 36 : 931-933.
- Costa, G., F. Spinelli, E. Sabatini, and W. Rademacher. 2001b. Incidence of scab (Venturia inaequalis) in apple as affected by different plant bioregulators. Pages 67-68 in S.M. Kang, F. Bangerth and S.K. Kim (eds.), Extended Abstracts of the 9th Int. Symp. on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Prod., Seoul, Korea, 19-22 August 2001, ISHS and KSHS.
- Danovan, A. 1991. Screening for fire blight resistance in apple (Malus pumila) using excised leaf assays from in vitro and in vivo grown material. Ann. Appl. Biol. 119 : 59-68.
- Deckers, T., and E. Daemen. 1999. Determining factors reducing the host susceptibility of fruit trees for fire blight infections. Acta Hortic. 489 : 483-489.
- Deckers, T., and H. Schoofs. 2002. Host susceptibility as a factor in control strategies of fire blight in European pear growing. Acta Hortic. 590 : 127-138.
- Dimova, A. 1990. Chemical control of fire blight blossom infection under field conditions in Cyprus. Acta Hortic. 273 : 377-382.
- Duzgunes, O., T. Kesici, O. Kavuncu, and F. Gurbuz. 1987. Statistical Methods II. Ankara Univ. Agric. Fac. Publ. 1021, Lesson Book 295, Ankara. 381 p.
- Elfving, D.C., G.A. Lang, and B.B. Visser. 2003. Prohexadione-Ca and ethephon reduce shoot growth and increase flowering in young, vigorous sweet cherry trees. HortScience 38 : 293-298.
- Evans, R.R., J.R. Evans, and W. Rademacher. 1997. Prohexadione calcium for suppression of vegetative growth in eastern apples. Acta Hortic. 451 : 663-666.
- Evans, J.R., R.R. Evans, C.L. Regusci, and W. Rademacher. 1999. Mode of action, metabolism and uptake of BAS 125W, prohexadione-calcium. HortScience 34 (7) : 1200-1201.
- Fernando, W.G.D., and A.L. Jones. 1999. Prohexadione-Ca: A tool for reducing secondary fire blight infections. Acta Hortic. 489 : 597-600.
- Fontanilla, M., M. Montes, and R. De Prado. 2005. Effects of the foliar-applied protein "Harpin(Ea)" (messenger) on tomatoes infected with Phytophthora infestans. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 70 (3) : 41-45.
- Freeman, P.G. 1969. The use of lignite products as plant growth stimulants: Technology and use of lignite. IC Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8471 : 150-164.
- Greene, D.W. 1999. Tree growth management and fruit quality of apple trees treated with prohexadione-calcium (BAS 125). HortScience 34 : 1209-1212.
- Gunes, N.T., and H. Dumanoglu. 2005. Some fruit attributes of quince (Cydonia oblonga) based on genotypes during the pre-harvest period. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 33 : 211-217.
- Jock, S., V. Donat, M.M. Lopez, C. Bazzi, and K. Geider. 2002. Following spread of fire blight in Western Central and Southern Europe by molecular differentiation of Erwinia amylovora strains with PFGE analysis. Environ. Microbiol. 4 : 106-114.
- Jones, A.L., and H.S. Aldwinkle (eds.). 1990. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. APS Press, St Paul, MN. 100 p.
- Jones, J. 2001. Harpin. Pestic. Outlook 12 (4) : 134-135.
- Kacar, B., and V. Katkat. 1999. Fertilizers and Techniques of Fertilizing. Vipas, Bursa, Turkey. 531 p.
- Kessmann, H., M. Oostendorp, W. Ruess, T. Staub, W. Kunz, and J. Ryals. 1996. Systemic activated resistance a new technology for plant disease control. Pestic. Outlook 6 : 1-4.
- Maxson, K.L., and A.L. Jones. 1999. Actigard-new fire blight control. Ohio State Univ. Newsl. Ext. 3 (25) : 5-7 [http://ipm.osu.edu/fruit/icm25.htm] [accessed on 15 May 2008].
- Maxson, K.L., and A.L. Jones. 2002. Management of fire blight with gibberellin inhibitors and SAR inducers. Acta Hortic. 590 : 217-223.
- McManus, P.S., V.O. Stockwell, G.W. Sundin, and A.J. Jones. 2002. Antibiotic use in agriculture. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 40 : 443-465.
- Momol, M.T., J.D. Ugine, J.L. Norelli, and H.S. Aldwinckle. 1999. The effect of prohexadione-Ca SAR inducers and calcium on the control of shoot blight caused by E. amylovora on apple. Acta Hortic. 489 : 601-605.
- Norelli, J.L., H.S. Aldwinckle, and S.V. Beer. 1984. Differential host x pathogen interactions among cultivars of apple and strains of E. amylovora. Phytopathology 74 (2) : 136-139.
- Norelli, J.L., H.S. Aldwinckle, and S.V. Beer. 1986. Differential susceptibility of Malus spp. cultivars Robusta 5, Novole, and Ottawa 523 to E. amylovora. Plant Dis. 70 (11) : 1017-1019.
- Norelli, J.L., A.L. Jones, and H.S. Aldwinckle. 2003. Fire blight management in the twenty-first century. Plant Dis. 87 : 756-765.
- Oostendorp, M., W. Kunz, B. Dietrich, and T. Staub. 2001. Induced disease resistance in plants by chemicals. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 107 : 19-28.
- Polat, A.A., and O. Caliskan. 2007. Loquat production in Turkey. Acta Hortic. 750 : 49-54.
- Psallidas, P.G., and J. Tsiantos. 2000. Chemical control of fire blight. Pages 199-234 in J.L. Vanneste (ed.), Fire Blight: The Disease and its Causative Agent, Erwinia amylovora. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
- Rademacher, W. 2000. Growth retardants: effects on gibberellin biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 51 : 501-531.
- Rademacher, W. 2004. Prohexadione-Ca induces resistance to fire blight and other diseases. EPPO Bull. 34 : 379-384.
- Rademacher, W., and R. Kober. 2003. Efficient use of prohexadione-Ca in pome fruits. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci. 68 : 101-107.
- Romero, A.M., C.S. Kousik, and D.F. Ritchie. 2001. Resistance to bacterial spot in bell pepper induced by acibenzolar-S-methyl. Plant Dis. 85 : 189-194.
- Saygili, H., Y. Aysan, M. Mirik, and F. Sahin. 2006. Severe outbreak of fire blight on quince in Turkey. Acta Hortic. 704 : 51-54.
- Sobiczewski, P., G. Krupinski, S. Berczynski, and A. Basak. 2001. The effect of resistance inducers on the suppression of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) on apple fruits and pear fruitlets. Phytopathol. Pol. 22 : 171-182.
- Spinelli, F., F. Bini, and A. Brunelli. 2002. Utilizzo di vari regolatori di crescita per il controllo della ticchiolatura di melo. Atti VI Giornate Scientifiche SOI, Spoleto (Italy), 23-25 aprile 2002. Vol. 1 : 127-128.
- Steiner, P. 2000. Integrated orchard and nursery management for the control of fire blight. Pages 339-358 in J.L. Vanneste (ed.), Fire Blight: The Disease and its Causative Agent, Erwinia amylovora. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
- Thomson, S.V., M.N. Brisset, R. Chartier, and J.P. Paulin. 1999a. Induced resistance in apple and pear seedlings to fire blight by Bion and correlation with some defense-related enzymes. Acta Hortic. 489 : 583-588.
- Thomson, S.V., S.C. Gouk, and J.P. Paulin. 1999b. Efficacy of Bion (Actigard) to control fire blight in pear and apple orchards in USA, New Zealand and France. Acta Hortic. 489 : 589-595.
- Unrath, C.R. 1999. Prohexadione-Ca: a promising chemical for controlling vegetative growth of apple. HortScience 34 (7) : 1197-2000.
- van der Zwet, T. 2002. Present worldwide distribution of fire blight. Acta Hortic. 590 : 33-34.
- van der Zwet, T., and H.L. Keil. 1979. Fire blight-A bacterial disease of Rosaceous plants. USDA Agric. Handbook No. 520, 200 p.
- Vanneste, J.L. 2000. Fire Blight: The Disease and its Causative Agent Erwinia amylovora. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. 370 p.
- Wei, Z.M., and S.V. Beer. 1996. Harpin from Erwinia amylovora induces plant resistance. Acta Hortic. 411 : 223-225.
- Winkler, V.W. 1997. Reduced risk concept for prohexadione-calcium, a vegetative growth control plant growth regulator in apples. Acta Hortic. 451 : 667-671.
- Yoder, K.S., S.S. Miller, and R.E. Byers. 1999. Suppression of fire blight in apple shoots by prohexadione-calcium following experimental and natural inoculation. HortScience 34 : 1202-1204.