Abstracts
Résumé
L’adoption à grande échelle des cultures transgéniques depuis dix ans a soulevé de nombreuses questions quant aux impacts possibles de ces nouvelles lignées végétales sur les écosystèmes agricoles et naturels. Des questions ont été soulevées, en particulier, sur le devenir des transgènes dans le milieu et sur une possible « pollution » du patrimoine génétique des organismes vivants à l’échelle des écosystèmes. Après une énumération des impacts environnementaux associés aux végétaux transgéniques, cet article de synthèse dresse un aperçu des connaissances actuelles sur le devenir – ou la migration – des transgènes dans le milieu. Les phénomènes d’hybridation et d’introgression génique en direction d’espèces ou de lignées apparentées sont d’abord abordés, après quoi sont considérés les phénomènes de transfert horizontal des transgènes en direction d’organismes non apparentés. Un article complémentaire publié dans ce même numéro traite de l’impact environnemental des protéines recombinantes encodées par les transgènes (Michaud 2005).
Mots clés:
- Cultures transgéniques,
- hybridation interspécifique,
- hybridation intraspécifique,
- impact environnemental,
- introgression génique,
- transfert génique horizontal
Abstract
The large-scale adoption of transgenic crops over the last ten years has led several groups to question the possible impacts of these new plant lines on agricultural and natural ecosystems. In particular, questions have been raised about the impact of the transgenes on the environment, and about an eventual "pollution" of the overall genetic pool of living organisms at the ecosystem level. After an introduction on the possible environmental impacts of transgenic plants, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the fate – or migration – of transgenes in the environment. Hybridization and introgression processes involving transgenic crops and their close relatives are first considered. Transgene integration in non-related organisms by horizontal gene transfer is then considered. A companion review in this same issue addresses the environmental impacts of recombinant proteins encoded by the transgenes (Michaud 2005).
Keywords:
- Environmental impact,
- transgene introgression,
- horizontal gene transfer,
- interspecific hybridization,
- intraspecific hybridization,
- transgenic crops
Appendices
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