Abstracts
Abstract
The epidermis lies at the interface between a plant and its environment. As such, the epidermis is crucial for protecting the plant against environmental insults. We focus primarily on cell wall reinforcement-mediated penetration resistance (papilla-resistance) against fungal pathogen attack. The epidermal cell layer of cereal leaves is the only tissue interacting with the powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis, and papilla formation at sites of fungal penetration attempts provides a basal resistance, hampering fungal invasion irrespective of host specific compatibility or incompatibility. To elucidate the genetic scaffolding of penetration resistance mechanisms, we constructed a cDNA library from wheat leaf epidermis at 24-48 h post inoculation with B. graminis f. sp. tritici. We have sequenced 3,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from this cDNA library. EST analysis revealed a large proportion of genes involved in plant defense/stress responses (1/3) and a low frequency of “house-keeping” genes. Enrichment of defense genes from this EST collection has allowed us to identify several defense and signaling pathways that have been hitherto poorly characterized, including cell wall biosynthesis, vesicle trafficking, redox regulation and metal homeostasis. Our results suggest that a global analysis of transcripts from this epidermis-specific cDNA library makes it feasible to define a full set of genes involved in early plant resistance associated with cell wall modifications.
Résumé
L’épiderme se situe à l’interface entre la plante et son environnement. L’épiderme est donc essentiel à la protection de la plante contre les assauts de l’environnement. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur la résistance à la pénétration par l’intermédiaire du renforcement de la paroi cellulaire (résistance papillaire) contre les attaques de champignons pathogènes. La couche de cellules épidermiques des feuilles des céréales est le seul tissu qui interagit avec le champignon de l’oïdium, le Blumeria graminis, et la formation de papilles aux sites des tentatives de pénétration du champignon fournit une résistance de base, empêchant l’invasion fongique peu importe que l’hôte soit compatible ou incompatible. Afin d’élucider l’échafaudage génétique des mécanismes de résistance à la pénétration, nous avons construit une bibliothèque génomique à partir d’épiderme de feuille de blé recueilli 24 à 48 h après inoculation avec le B. graminis f. sp. tritici. Nous avons séquencé 3000 séquences EST à partir de cette bibliothèque. L’analyse des séquences EST a montré qu’il y avait une proportion importante de gènes impliqués dans la défense de la plante ou les réponses aux stress (1/3) et une faible teneur en gènes « d’intendance ». L’enrichissement en gènes de défense de cette collection de séquences EST nous a permis d’identifier plusieurs voies de défense et de signalisation qui ont été peu caractérisées jusqu’à présent, y compris la biosynthèse de la paroi cellulaire, le transport au niveau des vésicules, la régulation de l’oxydoréduction et l’homéostasie des métaux. Nos résultats laissent penser qu’une analyse globale des produits de transcription provenant de cette bibliothèque génomique spécifique à l’épiderme pourrait permettre la description d’un ensemble complet de gènes impliqués dans la résistance précoce des plantes associée aux modifications de la paroi cellulaire.
Appendices
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