Nouveaux regards sur les forêts de laminaires de l’île d’Anticosti

Roy, Stéphanie; Léger-Daigle, Romy; Mabit, Raphaël; Bélanger, Simon; Johnson, Ladd; Nozais, Christian; Noisette, Fanny

doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/1098173ar

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Résumé

Les forêts de laminaires sont des écosystèmes riches et productifs, longeant les côtes des zones tempérées à polaires. Dans les eaux du golfe du Saint-Laurent, les platiers rocheux de l’île d’Anticosti abritent des forêts de laminaires qui sont encore très peu caractérisées. En 2021 et en 2022, 2 échantillonnages en plongée sous-marine ont permis de caractériser les communautés de laminaires présentes sur 14 sites au sud-ouest de l’île d’Anticosti. Cinq espèces de laminaires (Saccharina latissima, Alaria esculenta, Hedophyllum nigripes/Laminaria digitata, Agarum clathratum, Saccorhiza dermatodea) ont été recensées, avec une grande variabilité d’assemblage entre les sites. Les densités (de 10 ± 5 à 99 ± 20 individus·m⁻²) et les biomasses (de 0,3 ± 0,1 à 6,4 ± 1,0 kg·m⁻²) étaient semblables à celles dans d’autres écosystèmes à laminaires de l’est du Canada. Des relations allométriques sur S. latissima ont permis de mettre en évidence des différences entre les sites, probablement dues aux conditions environnementales locales. Cette caractérisation des forêts de laminaires du sud-ouest de l’île d’Anticosti ouvre des perspectives sur le potentiel écologique et économique de cet écosystème.

Mots-clés :

biomasse,
densité,
île d’Anticosti,
laminaires,
relation allométrique,
subarctique

Abstract

Kelp forests are productive, biodiverse, marine ecosystems that occur throughout temperate and polar coastal zones. Those found growing on the rocky outcrops around Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada), which is situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, have been little studied. Underwater sampling was conducted in 2021 and 2022 to characterize the kelp community at 14 sites along the southwestern coast of the island. Five kelp species were recorded (Saccharina latissima, Alaria esculenta, Hedophyllum nigripes/Laminaria digitata, Agarum clathratum, and Saccorhiza dermatodea), in various assemblages among between sites. The density varied from 10 ± 5 to 99 ± 20 individuals·m⁻² and the biomass, from 0.3 ± 0.1 to 6.4 ± 1.0 kg·m⁻². These values are similar to those observed in other kelp forests in eastern Canada. Allometric relationships for S. latissima showed differences between certain sites, likely due to local environmental conditions. This characterization of the kelp forests along the southwestern coast of Anticosti Island highlights the ecological and economic potential of this ecosystem.

Keywords:

allometric relationship,
Anticosti Island,
biomass,
density,
kelp,
subarctic

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Appendices

Remerciements

Cette étude est une contribution au projet Algae-WISE (S. Bélanger, UQAR), financé par l’appel à projets VITES (vols et investigations terrain en technologies et sciences spatiales) de l’Agence spatiale canadienne (n^o 19FARIMA15) et le temps-navire du Réseau Québec maritime n^o OSL-2021-TN-05. La structure de plongée scientifique a été soutenue par un projet conjoint du regroupement interinstitutionnel Québec-Océan (chercheuse principale : F. Noisette).

Nous tenons à remercier toutes les participantes et tous les participants des campagnes 2021 et 2022 à l’île d’Anticosti : Bruno Cayouette, Léopold Ghinter, Khashiff Miranda, Geneviève Dupéré, Sara Garneau, ainsi que Véronique Thériault, Lauriane Belles-Isles, Isabelle Tessier et l’équipe de N2Pix pour leur support technique et logistique. Un grand merci également à la Municipalité de L’Île-d’Anticosti, à tous les membres de la communauté anticostienne et particulièrement à Sébastien DeNobile, Geneviève Fournaise, Gaétan Laprise et Katie Gagnon pour leur aide et leur appui. Nous tenons aussi à remercier l’équipe du Naturaliste canadien pour le travail de vérification technique, de révision linguistique et d’édition, ainsi que les experts scientifiques et le rédacteur adjoint qui ont commenté notre manuscrit dans le cadre du processus de révision par les pairs.

Toutes les laminaires récoltées lors de ces échantillonnages ont été déclarées dans les inventaires des collectes de permis de récolte n^o QUE-PLANTES MARINES-013-2021 et n^o QUE-PLANTES MARINES-013-2022 octroyés par Pêches et Océans Canada.

Notes biographiques

Stéphanie Roy est étudiante au doctorat en océanographie à l’Institut des sciences de la mer de l’Université du Québec à Rimouski (ISMER-UQAR).

Romy Léger-Daigle a une maîtrise en océanographie de l’ISMER-UQAR.

Raphaël Mabit est étudiant au doctorat en océanographie à l’ISMER-UQAR.

Simon Bélanger est professeur en télédétection au Département de biologie, chimie et géographie de l’UQAR.

Ladd E. Johnson est professeur en écologie marine au Département de biologie de l’Université Laval à Québec.

Christian Nozais est professeur en océanographie au Département de biologie, chimie et géographie de l’UQAR.

Fanny Noisette est professeure en océanographie biologique à l’ISMER-UQAR.

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