Revue des applications et de l’utilité des drones en conservation de la faune

Charbonneau, Patrick; Lemaître, Jérôme

doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/1080620ar

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Remerciements
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Résumé

Les drones deviennent de plus en plus accessibles et performants. La présente synthèse passe en revue la littérature scientifique récente traitant de l’utilisation des drones pour étudier la faune. Nous avons classé 250 références selon 4 applications : inventaires fauniques, réponse comportementale de la faune face aux drones, éthologie et protection de la faune. Notre revue indique que les drones offrent un fort potentiel pour inventorier la faune, en particulier les oiseaux et les mammifères, et que des développements sont en cours pour la faune aquatique, l’herpétofaune et l’entomofaune. Nous exposons aussi les principaux effets des drones sur la faune et, à la lumière des informations obtenues, nous émettons des recommandations préliminaires pour limiter le dérangement de celle-ci. Les avantages des drones sont multiples, et le développement rapide de la technologie laisse croire que plusieurs limites actuelles seront écartées prochainement. Enfin, nous exposons quelques éléments de la réglementation canadienne sur l’usage des drones. En conclusion, les drones pourraient jouer un rôle prépondérant à moyen terme en conservation de la biodiversité.

Mots-clés :

comportement,
conservation,
détection,
drone,
inventaire

Abstract

Drones are becoming more accessible and efficient. This article presents a review of recent scientific literature focusing on their use to study wildlife. The 250 publications consulted were grouped into one of 4 categories: wildlife surveys, the behavioural response of wildlife to drones, the study of wildlife behaviour and wildlife protection. The review highlighted the great potential of drones for helping in the survey of animals, especially birds and mammals, and it also revealed the developments underway to allow their use for studying aquatic fauna, amphibians, reptiles and insects. The main impacts of drones on animals are presented and, based on the available information, preliminary recommendations are made to limit their disturbance to wildlife. Drones have multiple advantages and the rapid development of this technology suggests that several of the current limits to their use will soon be overcome. Finally, elements of the Canadian regulations on the use of drones are presented. In conclusion, in the medium-term, drones have the potential to play a significant role in the protection and management of biodiversity.

Keywords:

behaviour,
conservation,
detection,
drone,
survey

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Appendices

Remerciements

Nous tenons à remercier Francis Bédard, Marc Bélanger, Geneviève Bourget, Anne-Marie Gosselin, Jean Lapointe, Louis-Philippe Lapointe, Sébastien Lefort, Denis Manningham, Antoine Nappi, Danielle St-Pierre, les membres anonymes du comité de révision ainsi que l’équipe d’édition du Naturaliste canadien pour leurs commentaires sur le manuscrit.

Notes biographiques

Patrick Charbonneau (M. Sc.) est biologiste et pilote de drone certifié au ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP).

Jérôme Lemaître (Ph. D.) est biologiste-chercheur en avifaune au MFFP.

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