Abstracts
Résumé
Au cours des deux dernières décennies, l’immunologie des tumeurs a connu un réel bouleversement et un foisonnement de découvertes fondamentales qui se sont traduites en applications cliniques. On peut notamment citer l’identification des antigènes de rejet tumoral et des fondements moléculaires et cellulaires de l’immunogénicité et de la tolérance, la connaissance fine de l’immunité innée, l’élucidation de la biologie des cellules dendritiques et une certaine compréhension des mécanismes d’échappement tumoral à l’immuno-surveillance. Ainsi, l’émergence de nouveaux concepts a fait de l’immunothérapie une quatrième modalité de traitement du cancer après les traitements conventionnels. Les acquis fondamentaux ont facilité la reconceptualisation de l’immunothérapie du cancer, qui a connu un élan majeur en devenant de plus en plus spécifique : au cours des dernières années, l’immunothérapie non spécifique, fondée sur le dopage non spécifique du système immunitaire du patient, a laissé place aux approches vaccinales antitumorales peptidiques et cellulaires. Malgré des résultats encourageants obtenus à partir des modèles expérimentaux et des résultats, certes modestes, obtenus chez les patients, plusieurs obstacles inhérents persistent, notamment celui du décryptage du conflit entre le système immunitaire et le micro-environnement tumoral.
Summary
The notion that the immune system regulates cancer development is now well established. An overwhelming amount of data from animal models, together with compelling data from human patients, indicate that the immune system is instrumental in scanning and irradicating tumors. Analysis of individuals with congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies or patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy has documented a highly elevated incidence of virally induced malignancies and cancers compared with immunocompetent individuals [1-3]. During the last decade, thanks to the breakthoughts in understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for immune activation, the tumor antigen identification, the dendritic cell biology, the immunogenecity of tumors, the immune escape mechanisms, the host-tumor relationship, we are facing a new area of tumor immunotherapy. The basic advances were translated in therapeutical applications and have changed the view of immunotherapy from "a dream scenario" to a clinical fourth modality to cancer treatments. Multiple cancer trials using active immunization with vaccines or adoptive immunotherapy have been conducted with only very limited success. There are still a number of issues that still need to be resolved including a better understanding of immune escape mechanisms. Cancer vaccines continue to be evaluated and may lead to the emergence of clinically useful new treatments. A comprehensive approach to define the intricate molecular program initiated by tumor cells to resist to escape and the immune system of the host may help in breaking down the barriers to a more adapted cancer immunotherapy.
Appendices
Références
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