Abstracts
Résumé
L’énigme immunologique de la grossesse a récemment fait l’objet d’un certain nombre d’avancées significatives. Plusieurs nouveaux concepts ont émergé d’études réalisées dans des modèles de gestation chez la souris, mais également d’observations effectuées chez l’homme. Des mécanismes moléculaires ont été décrits, capables de neutraliser les effets potentiellement néfastes d’effecteurs de la réponse immune maternelle vis-à-vis des cellules trophoblastiques d’origine foetale, présentes aux interfaces foetomaternelles durant la gestation. Les allo-anticorps maternels antipaternels produits pendant la grossesse peuvent ainsi être inhibés, notamment par la production locale de protéines inhibitrices du complément ou par la délétion partielle des cellules B maternelles spécifiques d’allo-antigènes paternels. Les cellules cytotoxiques T CD8+ spécifiques d’allo-antigènes paternels exprimés par le trophoblaste acquièrent un état de tolérance transitoire et réversible envers ces allo-antigènes, ou sont éliminées ou bloquées dans leur prolifération par des molécules immuno-suppressives locales. Les cellules NK (natural killer) utérines ont un potentiel cytotoxique limité, et leurs cellules cibles trophoblastiques potentielles sont résistantes à la lyse. De façon tout à fait inattendue, il vient d’être démontré, chez l’homme, que les interactions entre récepteurs NK utérins et molécules HLA-C du trophoblaste sont, dans la majorité des gestations, non seulement sans effet néfaste, mais au contraire bénéfiques pour le remodelage vasculaire utérin. À l’inverse, les mères n’exprimant pas, ou peu, de récepteurs NK utérins de type KIR activateur (génotype AA) et portant un foetus exprimant des molécules HLA-C du groupe C2 présentent un grand risque de développer une pré-éclampsie, pathologie extrêmement sévère de la grossesse.
Summary
The long-standing question of pregnancy immunological paradox has been generating renewed interest. Recent insights have emerged from studies in pregnant mice and humans demonstrating a number of mechanisms that prevent potentially harmful effects of maternal anti-paternal allo-antibodies (complement inhibition, partial deletion of maternal B cells specific of paternal antigens), cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (lack of HLA-A and HLA-B expression on trophoblast, local immunosuppressive molecules, transient tolerance of paternal allo-antigens specific T cells) and uterine NK cells directed against fetal-derived trophoblast cells (limited NK cytotoxic potential, trophoblast resistance to NK killing). Interestingly, it appears that not only decidual NK cell/trophoblast interactions are not harmful for the fetus but are beneficial for the placental vascularization and its subsequent development. A recent report has indeed demonstrated that during pregnancy most of the combinations of uterine KIR (killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor) NK cell receptors and fetal HLA-C molecules expressed by trophoblast led to normal pregnancies, whereas mothers lacking activating KIR of the AA genotype when the fetus possessed HLA-C of the C2 group were at a greatly increased risk of severe preeclampsia pathology.
Appendices
Références
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