Abstracts
Résumé
La réponse immunitaire dirigée contre Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), agent responsable du paludisme chez l’homme, est le résultat de plusieurs milliers d’années de co-évolution entre le parasite et son hôte. La production rapide d’IFNγ (interféron γ) est importante pour le pronostic évolutif de la pathologie. Des études récentes suggèrent que les cellules natural killer (NK) pourraient être l’une des sources de cette production précoce d’IFNγ. Plus connues pour leur rôle dans l’immunité antitumorale et antivirale, les cellules NK seraient également capables de reconnaître directement des hématies infectées par Pf. À la suite de ce contact, leur sécrétion de la chimiokine IL-8 (interleukine 8) pourrait permettre le recrutement d’autres types cellulaires dans des lieux stratégiques. L’activation des cellules NK doit être replacée dans le contexte d’une réponse immunitaire complexe impliquant d’autres acteurs. Une collaboration entre cellules NK et macrophages serait notamment requise pour une réponse NK optimale. Les fondements moléculaires de l’activation des cellules NK, ainsi que leur rôle dans le contrôle initial du stade sanguin de l’infection font aujourd’hui l’objet d’intenses recherches.
Summary
Innate immune response against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), a causative agent of human malaria, is the result of several thousand years of co-evolution between the parasite and his host. An early IFN-γ production during infection is associated with a better evolution of the disease. Natural killer (NK) cells are among the first cells in peripheral blood to produce IFN-γ in response to Pf-infected erythrocytes (Pf-E). NK cells are found in blood, in secondary lymphoid organs as well as in peripheral non-lymphoid tissues. They participate in host innate responses that occur upon viral and intracytoplasmic bacterial infections, but also during the course of tumor development and allogeneic transplantation. These lymphocytes are not only important players of innate effector responses, but also participate in the initiation and development of adaptive immune responses. In addition, direct sensing of Pf infection by NK cells induces their production of the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8, suggesting a role for NK cells in the recruitment and the activation of other cells during malaria infection. Several other cell subsets are involved in the innate immune response to Pf. Dendritic cells, macrophages, γδT cells, NKT cells are able to sense the presence of the parasite. Along this line, the presence of IL-12 is necessary to NK cell IFN-γ production and a functional cooperation takes place between macrophages and NK cells in the context of this parasitic infection. In particular, IL-18 produced by macrophages is a key factor for this NK response. However, the molecular basis of Pf-E recognition by NK cells as well as the functional role of NK cell responses during the course of the disease remain to be adressed.
Appendices
Références
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