Abstracts
Résumé
Le diagnostic de l’asthme professionnel (AP) repose essentiellement sur la mise en évidence de changements fonctionnels respiratoires consécutifs à une exposition à des agents présents en milieu de travail. L’expectoration induite permet d’évaluer de façon répétée l’inflammation bronchique de la plupart des sujets victimes d’un AP. Ceux-ci présentent, pour la plupart, une éosinophilie bronchique lors de l’exposition à l’agent causal de leur AP. Cette éosinophilie disparaît ou diminue quand les sujets ne sont plus exposés à l’agent qui induit l’AP. Elle se manifeste également lorsque ces patients sont exposés en laboratoire à l’agent professionnel en cause. La persistance d’une inflammation bronchique chez les sujets atteints d’AP, que l’on a soustraits à l’agent à l’origine de leur maladie, pourrait être un facteur de mauvais pronostic. Le recours à l’expectoration induite est, à notre point de vue, un outil utile dans le diagnostic et le suivi de l’AP. Son rôle dans la surveillance de travailleurs à risque d’être victime de l’AP reste cependant à être déterminé.
Summary
The diagnosis of occupational asthma relies mainly on the demonstration of changes in airway calibre and airway responsiveness after exposure to occupational agents in the laboratory or at the workplace. However, spirometry or peak expiratory flow measurements may be open to misinterpretation when they are not performed optimally. As in non-occupational asthma, airway inflammation is one of the main characteristics of occupational asthma. Induced sputum, a non invasive method to assess airway inflammation, has been successfully used in the management of asthma. This article reviews the studies that have investigated and characterized the changes in sputum cell counts occurring in subjects with occupational asthma after exposure to occupational agents in the laboratory or at the workplace in order to assess the place of induced sputum in the investigation of occupational asthma. It also reviews the use of induced sputum during the follow-up of workers with occupational asthma after removal from exposure. This article also describes a new condition identified thanks to the use of induced sputum : occupational eosinophilic bronchitis. In conclusion, induced sputum is a useful tool in the investigation of occupational asthma. Its use on a regular basis in the investigation of occupational asthma also allows for the possibility of diagnosis of overlooked conditions such as occupational eosinophilic bronchitis. Its role in the surveillance of workers at risk to develop occupational asthma remains to be determined.
Appendices
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