Abstracts
Résumé
Les patients souffrant d’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) présentent un taux important de maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV). En effet, la prévalence des MCV est 10 à 30 fois plus élevée chez ces patients que dans la population générale. Cet excès est lié en partie à une prévalence accrue de facteurs de risque « classiques » tels que l’hypertension artérielle, le diabète et la dyslipidémie. Cependant, plusieurs autres facteurs de risque « non traditionnels » ont été identifiés au cours des dernières années et contribuent également à la prévalence accrue des MCV dans cette population. Les facteurs les plus étudiés et les plus influents en termes de risque cardiovasculaire sont l’inflammation et le stress oxydatif. Cet article présente, de façon critique, les données concernant l’impact de ces facteurs sur le développement de l’athérosclérose chez les sujets ayant une IRC, en mettant l’accent sur l’aspect épidémiologique et les recommandations thérapeutiques en matière d’insuffisance rénale.
Summary
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with the general population. The high prevalence of established traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia) in these patients undoubtedly contributes to the accelerated rate of vascular disease. In addition, several hypotheses have emerged to explain the high prevalence of CVD in patients with chronic renal failure. Growing evidence has been gathered over the last 15 years regarding the role of uremia-related risk factors such as inflammation and oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in subjects with renal failure. This paper will review current knowledge regarding the potential role of these non-traditional or uremia-related risk factors for atherosclerosis with special emphasis on prevalence, cardiac risk, and management in patients with CKD.
Appendices
Références
- 1. Levey AS, Beto JA, Coronado BE, et al. Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. What do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? National kidney foundation task force on cardiovascular disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1998 ; 32 : 853-906.
- 2. Parfrey P, Foley R. The clinical epidemiology of cardiac disease in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999 ; 10 : 1606-15.
- 3. Uhlig K, Levey A, Sarnak M. Traditional cardiac risk factors in individuals with chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial 2003 ; 16 : 118-27.
- 4. Longenecker J, Coresh J, Powe N, et al. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in dialysis patients compared with the general population : the CHOICE study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002 ; 13 : 1918-27.
- 5. US department of health and human services. National center for health statistics, third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988-1994. NHANES III. Hyattsville, MD : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994.
- 6. Oparil S, Oberman A. Nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Med Sci 1999 ; 317 : 193-207.
- 7. Madore F. Uremia-related metabolic cardiac risk factors in chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial 2003 ; 16 : 148-56.
- 8. Foley R, Parfrey P, Harnett J, et al. The impact of anemia on cardiomyopathy, morbidity, and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1996 ; 28 : 53-61.
- 9. Ganesh SK, Stack AG, Levin NW, et al. Association of elevated serum PO(4), Ca x PO(4) product, and parathyroid hormone with cardiac mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001 ; 12 : 2131-8.
- 10. Ross R. Atherosclerosis : an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999 ; 340 : 115-26.
- 11. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, et al. Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation 1998 ; 98 :731-3.
- 12. Ridker PM, Henekens CH, Furing JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 : 836-43.
- 13. Anonymous. C-reactive protein and atherosclerosis in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transpl 1998 ; 13 : 2710-1.
- 14. Zimmermann J, Herrlinger S, Pruy A, et al. Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1999 ; 55 : 648-58.
- 15. Ridker P, Cushman M, Stampfer M, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997 ; 336 : 973-9.
- 16. Ridker P, Rifai N, Pfeffer M, et al. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. The cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) investigators. Circulation 1999 ; 100 : 230-5.
- 17. Sies H. Oxidative stress : oxidants and antioxidants. Exp Physiol 1997 ; 82 :291-5.
- 18. Kita T, Kume N, Minami M, et al. Role of oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 ; 947 : 199-205.
- 19. Hasselwander O, Young IS. Oxidative stress in chronic renal failure. Free Radic Res 1998 ; 29 : 1-11.
- 20. Boaz M, Matas Z, Biro A, et al. Serum malondialdehyde and prevalent cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis. Kidney Int 1999 ; 56 : 1078-83.
- 21. Boaz M, Smetana S, Weinstein T, et al. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE) : randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2000 ; 356 : 1213-8.
- 22. Moustapha A, Naso A, Nahlawi M, et al. Prospective study of hyperhomocysteinemia as an adverse cardiovascular risk factor in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 1998 ; 97 : 138-41.
- 23. Bostom AG, Shemin D, Verhoef P, et al. Elevated fasting total plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular disease outcomes in maintenance dialysis patients. A prospective study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997 ; 17 : 2554-8.
- 24. Mallamaci F, Zoccali C, Tripepi G, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia predicts cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002 ; 61 : 609-14.
- 25. Jungers P, Massy ZA, Khoa TN, et al. Incidence and risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular accidents in predialysis chronic renal failure patients : a prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transpl 1997 ; 12 : 2597-602.
- 26. Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R. Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease. Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circulation 2000 ; 102 : 1082-5.
- 27. Ernst E, Resch K. Fribrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor : a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 1993 ; 118 : 956-63.
- 28. Han D, Haudenshild C, Hong M, et al. Evidence for a possible role of apoptosis in atherogenesis. Am J Pathol 1995 ; 147 : 267-77.
- 29. Troyanov S, Hebert MJ, Masse M, et al. Soluble Fas : a novel predictor of atherosclerosis in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2003 ; 41 : 1043-51.