Abstracts
Résumé
Parce qu’elles représentent une réserve cellulaire quasi illimitée par leur propriété d’autorenouvellement et possèdent la capacité de se différencier dans tous les lignages cellulaires in vitro, les cellules souches embryonnaires, ou cellules ES, constituent un outil de choix pour le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques fondées sur le remplacement cellulaire. Chez la souris, l’analyse de la différenciation des cellules ESdans les lignées gliales et neuronales a été particulièrement bien étudiée, compte tenu de l’enjeu thérapeutique éventuel chez l’homme, mais aussi en raison de la propension naturelle de ces cellules à adopter ce destin cellulaire, et de la flexibilité de leur capacité de différenciation en fonction des conditions expérimentales. L’évaluation du devenir de ces cellules après leur implantation in vivo dans le cerveau de souris mimant des maladies neurodégénératives suggère un certain bénéfice thérapeutique, mais révèle également les difficultés et les risques (notamment tumoral) associés à ces stratégies. La résolution de ces obstacles est encore lointaine et, chez l’homme, s’ajoute une incertitude supplémentaire liée à notre maîtrise très balbutiante encore de la manipulation des cellules ES, et notamment de leur auto-renouvellement et de leur différenciation dans les lignages d’intérêt.
Summary
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotential cells derived from the pre-implantation embryo. They can proliferate indefinetely in vitro while retaining pluripotency. ES cells can also be made to differentiate into a large variety of cell types in vitro. This has paved the way to research aimed at using ES-derived cells for cell replacement therapies. Hence, mouse ES cells can efficiently differentiate into neural precursors which can further generate functional neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Methods have also been developed to coax mouse ES-derived neural stem cells to differentiate into either dopaminergic neurons or motoneurons. Mouse ES-derived neural stem cells, or their fully differentiated progeny, have been shown to survive, integrate, and to some extent, function following transplantation within appropriate rodent host tissue. Research on human ES cells is still in its infancy. Considerable work has to be done: (1) to master growth and genetic manipulation of human ES cells; (2) to master their differentiation into specific cell types; and (3) to demonstrate that they can provide long term therapeutical benefits upon grafting into damaged tissues in humans. From the ethical point of view, the establishment of appropriate primate model will be an obligatory prerequisite to clinical trials based on ES cells derivatives grafting.
Appendices
Références
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