Abstracts
Résumé
La maladie de Parkinson est caractérisée par la mort progressive et préférentielle des neurones dopaminergiques de la substantia nigra et la présence d’inclusions protéiques ubiquitinylées, les corps de Lewy. Durant ces six dernières années, quatre gènes impliqués dans de rares formes familiales de maladie de Parkinson ont été identifiés: des mutations des gènes de l’α-synucléine et de l’ubiquitine hydrolase UCH-L1 (ubiquitin carboxyterminal hydrolase L1) sont associées à des formes autosomiques dominantes, tandis que des mutations des gènes de la parkine et de DJ-1 sont responsables de formes autosomiques récessives. Un gain de fonction toxique, associé à l’assemblage de l’α-synucléine en fibrilles insolubles de type amyloïde, pourrait rendre compte de la mort neuronale dans les syndromes parkinsoniens dus à des mutations du gène de l’α-synucléine. En revanche, une perte de fonction serait à l’origine de la maladie de Parkinson provoquée par des mutations des gènes de la parkine et d’UCH-L1, deux enzymes clés de la voie protéolytique ubiquitine-protéasome. La présence d’α-synucléine, de parkine et d’UCH-L1 dans les corps de Lewy suggère qu’un dysfonctionnement des voies de repliement et de dégradation des protéines pourrait jouer un rôle non seulement dans les formes familiales de maladie de Parkinson, mais également dans la forme sporadique, plus fréquente.
Summary
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the progressive and selective loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of ubiquitinated protein inclusions termed Lewy bodies. In the past six years, four genes involved in rare inherited forms of Parkinson’s disease have been identified: mutations in the α-synuclein and ubiquitin carboxyterminal hydrolase L1 genes (UCH-L1) cause autosomal dominant forms, whereas mutations in the Parkin and DJ-1 genes are responsible for autosomal recessive forms of the disease. A toxic gain of function related to the ability of α-synuclein to assemble into insoluble amyloid fibrils may underlie neuronal cell death in parkinsonism due to α-synuclein gene mutations. In contrast, loss of protein function appears to be the cause of the disease in parkinsonism due to mutations in the genes encoding Parkin and UCH-L1, which are key enzymes of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The presence of α-synuclein, Parkin and UCH-L1 in Lewy bodies suggests that dysfunction of pathways involved in protein folding and degradation is not only involved in the pathogenesis of familial Parkinson’s disease, but could also play a role in the frequent sporadic form of the disease (idiopathic Parkinson’s disease).
Appendices
Références
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