Abstracts
Résumé
La recherche sur les cellules souches laisse entrevoir d’extraordinaires possibilités de traitement des maladies dégénératives. En effet, la capacité de pouvoir dériver des cellules totipotentes à partir d’embryons humains donne la possibilité de développer une médecine régénérative, mais pose également le problème du statut de l’embryon qui, dans ce cas, est considéré comme matériel thérapeutique. Une alternative à l’utilisation des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines est l’utilisation de cellules souches prélevées chez l’adulte. Mais, dans un cas comme dans l’autre, nos connaissances sur les cellules totipotentes ou pluripotentes sont insuffisantes et de nombreuses questions doivent être résolues avant que l’on ne maîtrise la sélection et la différenciation de ces cellules dans un type cellulaire donné. Quelles sont les caractéristiques moléculaires d’une cellule souche adulte? Quels sont les mécanismes sous-jacents à la re-programmation d’une cellule? Quels sont les signaux qui contrôlent la multiplication et la différenciation des cellules souches? Un travail de recherche fondamentale est nécessaire pour éclaircir ces différents points. Dans ce contexte, la régénération des appendices chez les vertébrés offre un terrain d’investigation intéressant. Cet article se propose de faire le point sur nos connaissances concernant la régénération des pattes chez les tétrapodes et des nageoires chez les poissons.
Summary
The application of stem cell therapy to cure degenerative diseases offers immense possibilities, but the research in this field is the subject of ethical debates raised by the question of destructive research on early human embryos. Stem cells taken in the adult constitute an alternative to human embryonic stem cells, but our knowledge on totipotent or pluripotent cells is currently insufficient. Furthermore, many questions must be solved before selection and differentiation of these cells in a given cellular type can be controlled on a routine basis. What are the molecular characteristics of an adult stem cell? What are the mechanisms involved in cell reprogramming? Which signals control stem cell replication and differentiation? Basic research activities must be carried out in order to clarify all these points. In this context, the regeneration of vertebrate appendages provides a model for this type of research. The regeneration process is defined by both the morphological and functional reconstruction of a part of a living organism, which has previously been destroyed. But why are some vertebrates able to regenerate complex structures and others apparently not? Among most vertebrates, the capacity to regenerate is limited to some tissues. It is however possible to observe the regeneration of appendages (limb, tail, fin, jaw, etc.) among several amphibians and fish. This regeneration leads to re-forming of the amputated part with a complete restoration of its shape, segmentation and function. Why is the amputation of limbs not followed by regeneration in mammals and birds: absence of stem cells, absence of recruitment signals for these cells, or absence of signal receptivity? This review constitutes a report on the current understanding of the basis of on regeneration of legs in tetrapods and of fins in fish with an emphasis in the role of the nervous system in this process.
Appendices
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