Abstracts
Résumé
Les systèmes nerveux et immunitaire ont en commun de constituer dans l’organisme des réseaux complexes de cellules en interaction. Dans ces réseaux transitent en permanence d’énormes quantités d’informations, codées de façon très différente dans les deux cas. Ces informations doivent en particulier circuler de cellule en cellule. Dans le système nerveux, ce transfert a lieu au niveau des synapses. Récemment, les immunologistes ont adopté le terme de synapse immunologique pour désigner l’interface entre deux cellules du système immunitaire. Mais est-il légitime d’appeler cette structure synapse? Peut-on y mettre en évidence un mode d’organisation ou de fonctionnement en rapport avec ceux des synapses nerveuses?
Summary
The interface between two cells from the immune system has recently been coined «immunological synapse». The authors review recent findings concerning the structure of the synapse formed betweeen T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. T cells can be part of different synapses, depending on the antigen-presenting cell (B cell hybridoma, proteo-lipid bilayer, macrophage, dendritic cell). The synapse formed with dendritic cells is discussed in more details. A comparison is made with the synapses from the nervous system. Several parallel questions are discussed: how receptors can be clustered, what is the influence of synapse functioning on the structure of the synapse. It is suggested that in both cases two modes of communication exist in parallel: direct cell-cell contacts and soluble mediators, neurotransmitters in one case, putative immunotransmitters in the other.
Appendices
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