Abstracts
Résumé
Les émotions optimisent le rappel d’un événement traumatisant alors que le stress nuit à l’apprentissage de toute information lors d’une situation perturbatrice. Ces effets divergents des émotions et du stress sur la mémoire ont été attribués aux réactions physiologiques manifestées par l’organisme. En effet, lors de situations traumatisantes, les catécholamines et les glucocorticoïdes, en particulier, sont sécrétés. Ces hormones seraient des agents modulateurs des capacités mnésiques. Cet article décrit les effets spécifiques des émotions et du stress sur la mémoire. Les déterminants psychologiques et biologiques responsables de ces effets seront présentés, et différents points méthodologiques seront abordés dans le but de nuancer l’implication de ces déterminants quant à l’impact des émotions et du stress sur la mémoire. Mieux définir les effets des émotions et du stress sur la mémoire devrait permettre de comprendre plus spécifiquement les déficits cognitifs dont souffrent les patients qui, atteints de dépression ou d’un syndrome de stress post-traumatique, présentent des troubles émotifs.
Summary
While intense negative events are vividly recalled, information learned during stressful situations is poorly remembered. These differential effects of emotions and stress on memory have been attributed to the physiological manifestations generated during those affective states. Intense emotional and stressful events trigger the secretion of catecholamines and of glucocorticoids, in particular. These hormones would be modulatory agents of memory functions. In the first part of this paper, we review the specific effects emotions and stress have on memory. We then summarize the psychological and biological determinants responsible for these effects. Finally, we discuss different methodological issues that could explain the discrepancy found between the impact of emotions and stress on memory. Defining more precisely the effects emotion and stress have on memory will lead to a better comprehension of the cognitive problems that characterize patients dealing with emotional turmoil, such as patients suffering from depression or post-traumatic stress disorder.
Appendices
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