Abstracts
Résumé
Les maladies allergiques affectent plus de 20 % de la population et leur fréquence est en augmentation constante depuis quelques décennies dans les pays industrialisés. Cette progression résulte d’une inadaptation croissante de notre système immunitaire à l’environnement, inadéquation due à une hygiène accrue, à l’utilisation abusive d’antibiotiques, à l’amélioration du confort ménager, à la pollution, etc., caractéristiques de notre société moderne. Les traitements actuels sont majoritairement symptomatiques mais la recherche dans le domaine thérapeutique s’intéresse à présent à l’interaction de l’immunoglobuline E (IgE) avec son récepteur de haute affinité de type I (FcεRI) exprimé sur les mastocytes et les cellules basophiles, interaction qui est au coeur de la réaction allergique. Des essais cliniques utilisant un anticorps anti-IgE bloquant ont déjà été couronnés de succès. L’élucidation récente de la structure tridimensionnelle du complexe formé par l’IgE et son récepteur a fourni de nouvelles informations permettant d’envisager le développement rationnel d’inhibiteurs chimiques spécifiques de cette interaction.
Summary
The high affinity receptor for IgE, FcεRI, is at the core of the allergic reaction. This receptor is expressed mainly on mast cells and basophils. Interaction of an allergen with its specific IgE bound to FcεRI triggers cell activation, which induces the release of numerous mediators that are responsible for allergic manifestations. The recent increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases in developed countries has resulted in renewed efforts towards the development of new drugs. One of these is a humanised antibody directed against the IgE ligand. This antibody recognises specifically free but not FcεRI-bound IgE thus preventing ligand binding and subsequent cell activation. This antibody has shown some efficacy in clinical trials involving patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. The recent elucidation of the tridimensional structure of the complex between IgE and FcεRI provides unexpected information regarding the mechanism of assembly of the complex, which now can be used to design small chemical compounds capable of specifically inhibiting this interaction.
Appendices
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