Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article discute des pratiques critiques manifestées par des élèves du secondaire observés à l’intérieur d’un îlot interdisciplinaire de rationalité portant sur le suicide assisté. Pour ce faire, l’auteur propose une définition de la pensée critique centrée sur l’idée de pratique, ainsi qu’une grille émergente d’analyse fondée sur des types d’interventions constitutives des pratiques critiques. Les résultats montrent que face à un problème éthique, les élèves mobilisent plusieurs des ces interventions. Cependant, il a été relevé que les pratiques critiques des élèves tendent à se modifier selon que leurs réflexions portent sur des propos émis par leurs pairs ou sur les savoirs considérés savants, scientifiques ou objectifs.
Abstract
This article discusses critical practice manifested by secondary school pupils observed within an interdisciplinary island of rationality dealing with assisted suicide. To achieve this, the author proposes a definition of critical thought centred on the idea of practice, as well as an emerging analytical grid based on constituent intervention types of critical practice. The results show that when faced with an ethical problem, pupils call upon several of these interventions. However, it was learned that pupils’ critical practice tends to modify itself depending on whether their reflections deal with points raised by their peers or with knowledge considered scholarly, scientific or objective.
Appendices
Bibliographie
- American Philosophical Association. (1990). Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Purposes o f Educational Assessment and Instruction. ERIC docu- ment ED 315-423.
- Bader, B., & Therriault, G. (2008). La démarche de structuration des îlots de rationalité : une approche des QSV soucieuse d’épistémologie des sciences et d’équité en éducation aux sciences, Efficacité de l’approche des Questions Socialement Vives pour l’éducation à l’environnement et à la durabilité. Symposium sous la direction de Laurence Simonneaux & Legardez Alain au colloque «Efficacité et équité en éducation», Rennes.
- Bailin, S. (2002). Critical thinking and science education. Science & Education, 11, 361-375.
- Baron, J. B., & Sternberg, R. I. (dir.). (1987). Teaching thinking skills: Theory and practice. New York: W.H. Freeman.
- Bechtel, G., Davidhizar, R. & Bradshaw, M.J. (1999). Problem-based learning in a competency-based world. Nurse Education Today, 19(3), 82-87.
- Bers, T. (2005). Assessing critical thinking in community colleges. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2005(130), 15-25.
- Beyer, B. K. (1987). Practical strategies for the teaching of thinking. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. P. 3
- Beyer, B. K. (Eds.). (1988). Developing a thinking skills program. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Brookfield, S. (1987). Developing critical thinkers: Challenging adults to explore alternative ways of thinking and acting. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
- Brookfield, S. (1997). Assessing critical thinking. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 75, 17-29.
- Carr, D. (1993). Questions of competence. British Journal of Educational Studies, 41(3), 253-271.
- Ciulla, J. (1996). Ethics and critical thinking in leadership education. The Journal of Leadership Studies, 3(3), 110-119.
- Collier, K., Guenther, T., & Veerman, C. (2002). Developing critical thinking skills through a variety of instructional strategies. Chicago: St-Xavier University.
- Cooke, M., & Moyle, K. (2002). Student’s evaluation of problem-based learning. Nurse Education Today, 24(2), 330-339.
- Dam, G., & Volman, M. (2004). Critical thinking as a citizenship competence: teaching strategies. Learning and Instuction, 14(2004), 359-379.
- Daniel, M.-F. (2005). Présupposés philosophique et pédagogiques de Matthew Lipman et leurs applications. Dans C. Lemieux (Ed.), La philosophie pour les enfants. Le modèle de Matthew Lipman en discussion. Bruxelles: DeBoeck.
- Daniel, M.F., Lafortune, L., Pallascio, R., Splitter, L., Slade, C. & de la Garza, T. (2005). Modeling the development process of dialogical critical thinking in pupils aged 10 to 12 years. Communication Education, 53(4), 334 – 354.
- De Ketele, J.-M., & Postic, M. (1988). Observer les situations éducatives. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- De Ketele, J. M., & Roegiers, X. (1993). Méthodologie de recueil d’informations: fondements des méthodes d’observation, de questionnaires, d’interviews et d’étude de documents. Bruxelles: De Boeck.
- De Konink, T. (2007). La crise de l’éducation. Québec: Fides.
- Delors, J. (1996). L’éducation, un trésor caché dedans. Rapport à l’UNESCO de la commission internationale de l’éducation pour le vingt et unième siècle. Paris: Odile Jacob.
- De Terssac, G. (1996). Savoir, compétences et travail. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- Edman, L., Bart, W., & Robey, J. (2000). The Minnesota test of critical thinking: Development, analysis and critical issues. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC.
- Edman, L., Robey, J., & Bart, W. (2002). Critical thinking, belief biais, epistemological assomptions, and the Minisota test of critical thinking. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Washington, DC.
- Elder, L. (1999). Critical thinking: Teaching the foundations of ethical reasoning. Journal of Developmental Education, 22(3), 30-33.
- Embry, R. (2001). Critical thinking skills in the high school science classroom. Hoosier Science Teacher, 26(3), 77-82.
- Ennis, R. (1985, October). A logical basis for measuring critical thing skills. Educational Leadership, 44-48.
- Ennis, R. H. (1987). A taxonomy of critical thinking skills. In J. B. Baron & R. I. Sternberg (Eds.), Teaching thinking skills : Theory and Practice. New York: W.H. Freeman.
- Ennis, R. (1989). Critical thinking and subject specificity: Clarification and needed research. Educational Researcher, 18(3), 4-10.
- Ennis, R. (1993). Critical thinking assessment. Theory into practice, 32(3), 179-186.
- Ennis, R., & Milman, J. (1985). Cornell critical thinking test. Pacific Grove: Midwest.
- Ennis, R., & Weir, E. (1985). The Ennis-Weir critical thinking essay test. Pacific Grove: Critical Thinking Press.
- Erwin, D., & Sebrell, K. (2003). Assessment of critical thinking: ETS’s tasks in critical thinking. The Journal of General Education, 52(1), 50-70.
- Facione, N., & Facione, P. (1996). Externalizing the critical thinking in knowledge development and critical thinking. Nursing Outlook, 44(3), 129-136.
- Facione, P. (1990). The California critical thinking skills test. Millbrae: California Academic Press.
- Facione, P. (1998). The Test of Everyday Reasoning. California : California Academic Press.
- Facione, P., & Facione, N. (1992). California critical thinking disposition inventory. Millbrae: California Academic Press. See P. 15
- Fourez, G. (1997). Qu’entend-on par «îlot de rationalité» et par «îlot interdisciplinaire de rationalité»? Aster, 25, 217-225
- Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Herder and Herder.
- Gagnon, M. (2008). Étude sur la transversalité de la pensée critique comme compétence en éducation : entre «science et technologie», histoire et philosophie au secondaire. Thèse de doctorat déposée à la Faculté des Études Supérieures. Québec : Université Laval.
- Gagnon, M. (2009). «Conceptions d’enseignants et d’élèves du secondaire québécois sur la nature, le rôle et la place de la pensée critique dans les cours de sciences, d’histoire et de philosophie». In Actes du colloque de l’Association Francophone Internationale de Recherche en Science de l’Éducation (AFIRSE) 2009, 416 – 430.
- Gagnon, M. (2010). «Regards sur les pratiques critiques manifestées par des élèves de quatrième année du secondaire dans le cadre de deux activités d’apprentissage par problèmes menées en classe d’histoire au Québec.» In M.-A. Éthier et J.-F. Cardin (dir.). Histoire, musées et éducation à la citoyenneté : recherches récentes. Québec : MultiMondes, 159 - 181.
- Garrison, D. (1992). Critical thinking and self-directed learning in adult education: An analysis ofresponsibility and control issues. Adult Education Quarterly, 42(3), 136 - 148.
- Gauthier, B. (1984). Recherche sociale de la problématique à la collecte de données. Québec: Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Guilbert, L. (1990). La pensée critique en science: présentation d’un modèle iconique en vue d’une définition opérationnelle. The Journal of Educational Thought, 24(3), 195-218.
- Guilbert, L., & Ouellet, L. (1997). Études de cas et apprentissage par problèmes. Québec: Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Habermas, J. (1972). Knowledge and human interests. London: Heinemann Educational.
- Halpern, D. (1989). Thought and knowledge. An introduction to critical thinking. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Halpern, D. (2007). Halpern critical thinking assessment using everyday situations: Background and scoring standards. Claremont: Claremont McKenna College.
- Halvorson, S., & J. Wescoat (2002). Problem-based inquiry on world water problems in large undergraduate classes. Journal of Geography, 101(3), 91-102.
- Henri, F. (1995). Distance learning and computer-mediated communication: Interactive, quasi-interactive or monologue? In C. O’Malley (Ed.), Computer supported collaborative learning. New York: Springer-Verlag.
- Huba, M., & Freed, J. (2000). Learner-centered assessment on college campuses: Shifting the focus from teaching to learning. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Jonas, H. (1990). Le principe responsabilité: une éthique pour la civilisation technologique. Paris: Flammarion.
- Jonnaert, P. (2002). Compétences et socioconstructivisme. Un cadre théorique. Bruxelles: De Boeck.
- Kiah, C. (1993). A model for assessing critical thinking skills. Paper presented at the Annual student assessment conference of the Virginia assessment.
- Kienzler, D. (2001). Ethics, critical thinking, and professional communication pedagogy. Technical Communication Quarterly, 10(3), 319-339.
- King, P., & Kitchener, K. S. (1994). Developing reflective judgment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Kitchener, K. S. (1983). Cognition, metacognition and epistemic cognition: A three-level model of cognitive processing. Human Development, 26(4), 222-232.
- Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on moral development, Vol. I: The philosophy of moral development. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
- Ku, K. (2009). Assessing students’ critical thinking performence: Urging for measurements using multi-response format. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 4(2009), 70-76.
- Kuhn, D. (1999). A developmental model of crtitical thinking. Eduactional Researcher, 28(2), 26 - 46.
- Kurfiss, J. G. (1988). Teaching critical thinking in the disciplines. Washington, DC: Association for the study of higher education.
- Kwak, D.-J. (2007). Re-conceptualizing critical thinking for moral education in culturally plural societies. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 10(11), 460-470.
- Landis, M., Swain, K., Friehe, M., & Coufal, K. (2007). Evaluating critical thinking in class and online: Comaprison of Newman method and Facione rubric. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 28(3), 135 - 143.
- Le Boterf, G. (1994). De la compétence. Essai sur un attracteur étrange. Paris: Les Éditions d’Organisation.
- Le Boterf, G. (2006). Ingénierie et évaluation des compétences (3 ed.). Paris: Les Éditions d’Organisation.
- Lessard-Hébert, M., Goyette, G., & Boutin, G. (1990). Recherche qualitative: fondements et pratiques. Montréal: Éditions Agence d’Arc.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1984). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications Inc.
- Lipman, M. (2003). Thinking in education. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Majumdar, S. (2003). Pedagogical framework for online learning. Vocational Training: European Journal, 28, 21-30.
- McLean, C. (2005). Evaluating critical thinking skills: Two conceptualizations. Journal of Distance Education, 20(2), 1-20.
- McPeck, J. (1990). Critical thinking and subject specificity: A reply to Ennis. Eduactional Researcher, 19(4), 10 - 12.
- MELS (2007). Programme de formation de l’école québécoise. Éthique et culture religieuse. Enseignement primaire. Québec: Bibliothèque Nationale du Québec.
- Newman, D. (1994, March). Evaluating the quality of learning in Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL). Presented at UK Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) Special Interest Group (SIG) workshop on CSCL, Heriott-Watt Univer- sity, Edinburgh, Scotland.
- Newman, D., Webb, B., & Cochrane, C. (1995). A content analysis method to measure critical thinking in face-to-face and computer supported group learning. Electronic Journal for the 21st Century, 3(2), 56-77
- Newman, D. R., Johnson, C., Cochrane, C., & Webb, G. (1996). An experiment in group learning technology: Evaluating critical thinking in face-to-face and computer-supported seminars. Re- trieved October 22, 2003, from http://www.helsinki.fi/science/optek/1996/n1/newman.htm/contents.html
- Ngeow, K., & Kong, Y. (2001). Learning to learn: Preparing teachers and students for problem-based learning. En ligne: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED457524.
- Norris, S. (1985, May). Synthesis of research on critical thinking. Educational Leadership, 40 - 45.
- Norris, S., & Ennis, R. (1989). Evaluating critical thinking. CA: Midwest Publications Cricital Thinking.
- Paul, R. (1990). Critical thinking: What every person needs to survive in rapidly changing world. Sonoma: Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique.
- Paul, R., Binker, A. J. A., & Weil, D. (1990). Critical thinking handbook: K-3. Rohnert Park, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking, Sonoma State University.
- Paul, R. & Elder, L. (2008). Mini-guide de la pensée critique. Concepts et instruments. Foundation for Critical Thinking Press. En ligne: http://www.criticalthinking.org/files/SAM_FR_ConceptsLOCK.pdf.
- Perrenoud, P. (1998). Développer des compétences dès l’école. Paris: ESF.
- Pithers, R., & Soden, R. (2000). Critical thinking in education: A review. Educational Research, 42(3), 237-249.
- Rey, B. (1996). Les compétences transversales en question (2 ed.). Paris: ESF.
- Ropé, F., & Tanguy, L. (1994). Savoirs et compétences. De l’usage de ces notions dans l’école et les entreprises. Paris: L’Harmattan.
- Sage, S. (1996). A Qualitative Examination of Problem-Based Learning at the K-8 Level: Preliminary Findings. En ligne: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED398263.
- Sasseville, M. (2009). La pratique de la philosophie avec les enfants. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval.
- Sasseville, M. & Gagnon, M. (2007). Penser ensemble à l’école. Des outils pour l’observation d’une communauté de recherche en action. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval.
- Saye, J., & Brush, T. (2002). Scaffolding critical reasoning about history and social issues in multimedia-supported learning environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 50(3), 77-96.
- Senocak, E., Taskesenligil, Y., & Sozbilir, M. (2007). Study on Teaching Gases to Prospective Primary Science Teachers through Problem-Based Learning. Research in Science Education, 37(30), 279-290. P. 17
- Service, E. T. (1994). Tasks in critical thinking: Core scoring manual. Princeton: Educational Testing Service.
- Shipman, V. (1983). New Jersey Test of Reasonning Skills. New Jersey : Institute for the Advancement of Philosophy for Children.
- Siegel, H. (1988). Educating reason: Rationality, critical thinking, and education. New York: Routledge.
- Slade, C. (2000). Pensée critique et créative. Dans R. Pallascio & L. Lafortune (dir.), Pour une pensée réflexive en éducation. Québec: Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Stewart, C. J., & Cash, W. B. (1982). Interviewing-principles and practices. Iowa: W. C. Brown.
- Sungur, S., & Tekkaya, C. (2006). Effects of problem-based learning and traditional instruction on self-regulated learning. Journal of Educational Research, 99(5), 307-317.
- UNESCO (2009). L’éducation pour tous d’ici 2015. En ligne: http://portal.unesco.org/education/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=41579&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html.
- Van der Maren, J. M. (2003). Méthodes de recherche pour l’éducation. Montréal: Presses de l’Université de Montréal.
- Wagner, T., & Harvey, R. (2006). Development of a new critical thinking test using item response theory. Psychological assessment, 18(1), 100 - 105.
- Watson, G., & Glaser, E. (1980). Watson–Glaser critical thinking appraisal (WTGCTA). Cleveland: Psychological Corporation.
- Weber, M. (1959). Le savant et le politique. Paris: Plon.
- Weinstein, M. (1991). Critical thinking and education for democracy. Institute for Critical Thinking: Ressource Publication, 4(2), 3 - 25.
- Weinstein, M. (1993). Critical thinking: The great debate. Educational Theory 4(3), 99-117.
- Weiss, R. (2003). Designing problems to promote higher-order thinking. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 95, 25-31.
- Whitmire, E. (2004). The relationship between undergraduates’ epistemological beliefs, reflective judgment, and their information-seeking behavior. Information Processing and Magement, 40(2004), 97-111.
- Wieseman, K., & Cadwell, D. (2005). Local history and problem-based learning. Social Studies and the Young Learner, 18(1), 11-14.
- Wright, I., & Bare, C. L. (1992). Thinking criticaly about moral questions. Ressource Publication, 4(4), 3 - 18.
- Yinger, R. J. (1980). Fostering critical thinking. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.