Abstracts
Abstract
In Quebec—a province with complex and fraught language politics—the federal Official Languages Act recognizes the English-speaking population of Quebec as a minority language community. Anchored in the perspective of English-speaking Quebec, the essay argues that the Official Languages Act is an attempt at nation-building, embedded and embroiled in the history and politics of language. First, the essay discusses how the existence of English-speaking Quebec shaped language rights and the Official Languages Act in particular. Next, it describes the English-speaking minority of Quebec and how this minority fits within the framework of the Act, commenting on and critiquing the Act from this perspective. Lastly, it argues that the modernization of the Act is more than just a technical exercise and that it requires a national conversation and debate around language and identity.
Keywords:
- official languages,
- English-speaking,
- Quebec,
- law,
- constitution
Résumé
Au Québec – une province où les politiques linguistiques sont complexes –, la Loi sur les langues officielles, une loi fédérale, reconnaît la population d’expression anglaise comme communauté de langue officielle en situation minoritaire. Ancré dans la perspective de la communauté d’expression anglaise du Québec, cet essai soutient que la Loi sur les langues officielles est une tentative d’édification nationale qui s’inscrit dans l’histoire du pays et sa politique des langues. Dans un premier temps, l’essai raconte comment l’existence de la communauté d’expression anglaise au Québec a façonné le développement des droits linguistiques et la Loi sur les langues officielles en particulier. Ensuite, il décrit la communauté d’expression anglaise au Québec et le traitement qui lui est accordé en vertu de la Loi. Il donne des commentaires sur la Loi dans cette perspective. Enfin, il soutient que la modernisation de la Loi n’est pas simplement un exercice technique ; elle requiert plutôt une conversation nationale au sujet de la langue et de l’identité.
Mots-clés :
- langues officielles,
- anglophone,
- Québec,
- droit,
- constitution
Appendices
Bibliography
- Cooper, Celine, Patrick Donovan, & Lorraine O’Donnell (2019). Employment of English speakers in Quebec’s public service (QUESCREN Working Paper no 1), Montreal: Concordia University – Quebec English-Speaking Communities Research Network
- Corbeil, Jean-Pierre, Brigitte Chavez, & Daniel Pereira (2010). Portrait of official-language minorities in Canada: Anglophones in Quebec (Analytical Paper, Catalogue no 89-642-X, no 002). Statistics Canada.
- Grammond, Sébastien (2009). Identity captured by law: Membership in Canada’s Indigenous peoples and linguistic minorities. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- Lamarre, Patricia (2012). “English education in Quebec: Issues and challenges”, in Richard Y. Bourhis (Ed.), Decline and prospects of the English-Speaking communities of Quebec (p. 175-214), Ottawa and Moncton: Canadian Heritage and Canadian Institute for Research on Linguistic Minorities.
- Laurendau, André, & Arnold Davidson Dunton (1965). A preliminary report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Ottawa: Queen’s Printer.
- Pratte, André (2012). “Bridging the two solitudes”, in Richard Y. Bourhis (Ed.), Decline and prospects of the English-Speaking communities of Quebec (p. 383–387), Ottawa and Moncton: Canadian Heritage and Canadian Institute for Research on Linguistic Minorities.
- Quebec Community Groups Network (QCGN) (2018). English-speaking Quebec and the modernization of the Official Languages Act: Brief submitted to the Standing Senate Committee on Official Languages. https://www.sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/421/OLLO/Briefs/2018-05-28_Brief_QCGN_e.pdf
- Standing Senate Committee on Official Languages (2011). The vitality of Quebec’s English-Speaking communities: From myth to reality. https://sencanada.ca/Content/SEN/Committee/411/ollo/rep/rep02oct11-e.pdf
- Statistics Canada (2017). 2016 Census of population: First official language spoken in Quebec [Province] and Canada [Country], Catalogue no 98-316-X2016001. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-316-X2016001
- Statistics Canada (2019). Results from the 2016 Census: English–French bilingualism among Canadian children and youth. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2019001/article/00014-eng.htm
- An Act to amend the Official Languages Act (promotion of English and French), SC 2005, c 41.
- An Act to give effect to the requirement for clarity as set out in the opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Quebec Secession Reference, SC 2000, c 26.
- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11
- Charter of the French Language, CQLR c C-11
- Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Vict, c 3.
- Official Languages Act, RSC 1985, c 31 (4th Supp)
- Quebec Act, 1774 (UK), 14 George III, c. 83.
- Fédération des francophones de la Colombie-Britannique v Canada (Emploi et Développement social), 2018 FC 530
- Mahé v Alberta, [1990] 1 SCR 342
- Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 SCR 217.