Abstracts
Abstract
This study analyzes how team leaders adapt their management style in extreme contexts, such as Iraq, where social tensions remain high. The study employs the High Leader-Member Exchange (H-LMX) theory, which posits that the quality of the exchange relationship between leaders and team members affects commitment and effectiveness. Through qualitative research, the study reveals a high level of LMX in wartime Iraq, where interviewees, who were leaders in their organizations, shared their experiences of the primary responsibilities they faced without support from supervisors during extreme events. Despite the dramatic context, the impact of leaders on their teams was key to achieving successful operations and performance.
Keywords:
- Extreme Context,
- LMX,
- Iraq
Résumé
Cette étude analyse comment les leaders d’équipe adaptent leur style de management dans des contextes extrêmes, tels que l’Irak, où les tensions sociales restent fortes. L’étude utilise la théorie du High Leader-Member Exchange (H-LMX), qui postule que la qualité de la relation d’échange entre les leaders et les membres de l’équipe affecte l’engagement et l’efficacité. Selon une recherche qualitative, l’étude révèle un niveau élevé de LMX dans l’Irak en temps de guerre, où les personnes interrogées, qui étaient des leaders dans leurs organisations, ont partagé leurs expériences des responsabilités principales auxquelles elles ont dû faire face sans le soutien de leurs superviseurs lors d’événements extrêmes. Malgré le contexte dramatique, l’impact des leaders sur leurs équipes a été déterminant pour la réussite des opérations et des performances.
Mots-clés :
- Contexte extrême,
- LMX,
- Irak
Resumen
Este estudio analiza cómo los líderes de equipo adaptan su estilo de dirección en contextos extremos, como Irak, donde las tensiones sociales siguen siendo elevadas. El estudio utiliza la teoría del Alto Intercambio Líder-Miembro (H-LMX), que postula que la calidad de la relación de intercambio entre los líderes y los miembros del equipo afecta al compromiso y la eficacia. Basándose en la investigación cualitativa, el estudio revela un alto nivel de LMX en tiempos de guerra en Irak, donde los entrevistados, que eran líderes en sus organizaciones, compartieron sus experiencias sobre las responsabilidades clave a las que se enfrentaron sin el apoyo de sus supervisores durante acontecimientos extremos. A pesar del dramático contexto, el impacto de los líderes en sus equipos fue decisivo para el éxito de las operaciones y el rendimiento.
Palabras clave:
- Contexto extremo,
- LMX,
- Irak
Appendices
Bibliography
- Black J.S. and Morisson A.J. (2016) The Servant Leadership Challenge, Routledge, New York.
- Bouty, I., Godé, C., Drucker-Gordard, C et al (2012) Coordination practices in extreme situations, European Management Journal, 30-6, 475-489. DOI 10.3917/mav.041.0387
- Buchanan, D. A, Hällgren, M. (2019) “Surviving a Zombie Apocalypse: Leadership Configurations in Extreme Contexts.” Management Learning 50, No. 2 (April 2019): 152-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507618801708
- De Hoop Scheffer, A. (2006). L’Iraq et la communauté internationale face au défi de construire l’État. Revue internationale et stratégique, 64, 7-20. DOI 10.3917/ris.064.0007
- Denis, J-L, Langley, A., Sergi, V. (2012) “Leadership in the Plural.” Academy of Management Annals 6, no. 1 (June 2012): 211-83. DOI: 10.1080/19416520.2012.667612
- El Dirani, A., Jamali, D., & Harwood, I. (2015). Exploring Human Resource Management Roles in Corporate Social Responsibility: The CSR-HRM Co-creation Model. Business Ethics: A European Review, 24. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12085
- Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. (2015) Leader–Member Exchange Theory, Ed: James D. Wright, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), Elsevier, p. 641-647.
- Fernandez, V., Giordano, Y. Loufrani-Fedida., S (2017) “Enacting Resilience in Extreme Action Teams: The Case of French Mountain Rescue Organizing,” 2017, working paper.
- Frank, O. (2005) “Network sampling and model fitting” In: Carrington P, Scott J, Wasserman S (eds) Models and methods in social network analysis. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 31-5
- Gond, J.-P., Igalens, J., Swaen, V., & El Akremi, A. (2011). The Human Resources Contribution to Responsible Leadership: An Exploration of the CSR–HR Interface. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(S1), 115–132. DOI: 10.1007/10551-011-1028-1
- Graen, G. B., Uhl-Bien, M. (1995) “Relationship-Based Approach to Leadership: Development of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership over 25 Years: Applying a Multi-Level Multi-Domain Perspective.” The Leadership Quarterly 6, No. 2 (June 1995): 219-47. DOI: 10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
- Greenwood, M. (2013). Ethical Analyses of HRM: A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(2), 355-366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1354-y
- Hällgren, M., Rouleau, L., de Rond. M, (2018) “A Matter of Life or Death: How Extreme Context Research Matters for Management and Organization Studies.” Academy of Management Annals 12, No. 1 (January 2018): 111-53. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0017
- Hannah, S. T., (2014) Leadership in Extreme Contexts. Oxford University Press, 2014.
- Liden, R.C., Maslyn, J.M., 1998. Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: an empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24, 43-72. DOI: 10.1177/014920639802400105
- McCauley, C. D., and Charles J. P (2020). “Developing the Theory and Practice of Leadership Development: A Relational View.” The Leadership Quarterly,101456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101456
- Shen, J., & Zhang, H. (2019). Socially Responsible Human Resource Management and Employee Support for External CSR: Roles of Organizational CSR Climate and Perceived CSR Directed Toward Employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12481
- Slack, R., Corlett, S., & Morris, R. (2014). Exploring Employee Engagement with (Corporate) Social Responsibility: A Social Exchange Perspective on Organisational Participation. Journal of Business Ethics, 127. DOI: 10.1007/s10551-014-2057.3
- Vlachos, P. A., Panagopoulos, N. G., & Rapp, A. A. (2013). Feeling Good by Doing Good: Employee CSR-Induced Attributions, Job Satisfaction, and the Role of Charismatic Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 118(3), 577-588 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-012-1590-1