Abstracts
Abstract
Commercial coopetition consists of cooperating with competitors in customer-like activities. This strategy has developed substantially in recent years but has been little studied in the literature. This research aims to analyze the forms of commercial coopetition and the tensions it generates to understand the sources of blockage and propose management devices. To do so, we deploy a qualitative research protocol based on 23 semi-directive interviews with directors of alliances and partnerships. The research results reveal two forms of commercial coopetition that create five types of inter- and intraorganizational tensions and we identify three ways of managing these tensions.
Keywords:
- Commercial coopetition,
- management,
- tensions,
- double booking,
- sponsors,
- alliance and partnership directors
Résumé
La coopétition commerciale consiste à coopérer avec des concurrents sur des activités proches des clients. Cette stratégie s’est beaucoup développée ces dernières années, mais n’a été que peu étudiée dans la littérature. La recherche vise à analyser les formes de coopétition commerciale et les tensions qu’elle génère, afin de comprendre les sources de blocage et proposer des dispositifs managériaux. Pour cela, nous avons déployé un protocole de recherche qualitative fondé sur 23 entretiens. Les résultats font apparaître des formes de coopétition commerciale créant différents types de tensions inter et intra-organisationnelles. Nous identifions également trois modes de gestion de ces tensions.
Mots-clés :
- Coopétition commerciale,
- management,
- tensions,
- double-booking,
- sponsors,
- directeurs d’alliances et de partenariats
Resumen
La coopetición comercial consiste en cooperar con los competidores en actividades cercanas a los clientes. Esta estrategia se ha desarrollado mucho en los últimos años, pero ha sido poco estudiada en la literatura. La investigación tiene por objeto analizar las formas de coopetición comercial y las tensiones que genera, con el fin de comprender las fuentes de bloqueo y proponer dispositivos de gestión. Por eso, hemos implementado un protocolo de investigación cualitativa basado en 23 entrevistas. Los resultados de la investigación revelan formas de coopetición comercial que crean tipos de tensiones interorganizacionales e intraorganizacionales. Identificamos maneras de manejar estas tensiones.
Palabras clave:
- Coopetición comercial,
- gestión,
- tensiones,
- double booking,
- patrocinadores,
- directores de alianzas
Appendices
Bibliography
- Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (1999). Cooperation and competition in relationships between competitors in business networks. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 14(3), p. 178-194. https://doi.org/10.1108/08858629910272184
- Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2000). ”Coopetition” in business networks—to cooperate and compete simultaneously. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(5), p. 411-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-8501(99)00067-x
- Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2014). Coopetition—quo vadis? Past accomplishments and future challenges. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(2), p. 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2014.02.015
- Bengtsson, M., Kock, S., Lundgren-Henriksson, E.-L., & Näsholm, M. H. (2016). Coopetition research in theory and practice: Growing new theoretical, empirical, and methodological domains. Industrial Marketing Management, 57, p. 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2016.05.002
- Bouncken, R. B., & Fredrich, V. (2012). Coopetition: Performance implications and management antecedents. International Journal of Innovation Management, 16(05), 1250028. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1363919612500284
- Bouncken, R. B., Fredrich, V., Ritala, P., & Kraus, S. (2018). Coopetition in new product development alliances: advantages and tensions for incremental and radical innovation. British Journal of Management, 29(3), p. 391-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12213
- Bouncken, R. B., & Kraus, S. (2013). Innovation in knowledge-intensive industries: The double-edged sword of coopetition. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), p. 2060-2070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.02.032
- Brandenburger, A., & Nalebuff, B. (1996). Co-opetition. Doubleday.
- Chen, M.-J. (2008). Reconceptualizing the competition-cooperation relationships. Journal of Management Inquiry, 20, p. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492607312577
- Chiambaretto, P., & Dumez, H. (2016). Toward a typology of coopetition: A multilevel approach. International Studies of Management & Organization, 46(2-3), p. 110-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.2015.1093797
- Chiambaretto, P., Gurău, C., & Roy, F. L. (2016). Coopetitive branding: Definition, typology, benefits and risks. Industrial Marketing Management, 57, p. 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2016.05.009
- Chiambaretto, P., Massé, D., & Mirc, N. (2019). “All for one and one for all?”—Knowledge broker roles in managing tensions of internal coopetition: The ubisoft case. Research Policy, 48(3), p. 584-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.009
- Clarke‐Hill, C., Li, H., & Davies, B. (2003). The paradox of co‐operation and competition in strategic alliances: Towards a multi‐paradigm approach. Management Research News, 26(1), p. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170310783376
- Contractor, F. J., & Lorange, P. (2002). The growth of alliances in the knowledge-based economy. International Business Review, 11(4), p. 485-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0969-5931(02)00021-5
- Czakon, W., & Rogalski, M. (2014). Coopetition typology revisited—a behavioural approach. International Journal of Business Environment, 6(1), p. 28-46.
- Czakon, W., & Czernek, K. (2016). The role of trust-building mechanisms in entering into network coopetition: The case of tourism networks in Poland. Industrial Marketing Management, 57, p. 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2016.05.010
- Czakon, W., Srivastava, M., Le, R. F., & Gnyawali, D. (2020). Coopetition strategies: Critical issues and research directions. Long Range Planning, 23(1), p. 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2019.101948
- Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. (2000). A resource-based theory of strategic alliances. Journal of Management, 26(1), p. 31-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600105
- Dowling, M. J., Roering, W. D., Carlin, B. A., & Wisnieski, J. (1996). Multifaceted relationships under coopetition. Journal of Management Inquiry, 5(2), p. 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/105649269652008
- Dumez, H. (2013). Quest-ce que la recherche qualitative? Problèmes épistémologiques, méthodologiques et de théorisation. Annales des Mines - Gérer et Comprendre, 112(2), p. 29-42. https://doi.org/10.3917/geco.112.0029
- Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), p. 532-550. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4308385
- Fernandez, A.-S., & Chiambaretto, P. (2016). Managing tensions related to information in coopetition. Industrial Marketing Management, 53, p. 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.11.010
- Fernandez, A. S., Roy, F. L., & Gnyawali, D. R. (2014). Sources and management of tension in co-opetition case evidence from telecommunications satellites manufacturing in Europe. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(2), p. 222-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.11.004
- Fjeldstad, Ø. D., Becerra, M., & Narayanan, S. (2004). Strategic action in network industries: An empirical analysis of the European mobile phone industry. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 20(1-2), p. 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2004.05.007
- Gibbert, M., Ruigrok, W., & Wicki, B. (2008). What passes as a rigorous case study? Strategic Management Journal, 29(13), p. 1465-1474. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.722
- Gnyawali, D. R., He, J., & Madhavan, R. (2008). Co-opetition promises and challenges. In C. Wankel (Ed.), The 21st century management: A reference handbook (p. 386-398). Sage Publications.
- Gnyawali, D. R., & Park, B. J. (2009). Co-opetition and technological innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises: A multilevel conceptual model. Journal of Small Business Management, 47(3), p. 308-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2009.00273.x
- Gnyawali, D. R., & Park, B. J. (2011). Co-opetition between giants: Collaboration with competitors for technological innovation. Research Policy, 40(5), p. 650-663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.01.009
- Herzog, T. (2010). Strategic management of coopetitive relationships in CoPS-related industries. In S. Yami, S. Castaldo, G. B. Dagnino, & F. L. Roy (Eds.), Coopetition: Winning strategies for the 21st century (p. 200-215). Edward Elgar Publishing House.
- Lado, A. A., Boyd, N. G., & Hanlon, S. C. (1997). Competition, cooperation, and the search for economic rents: A syncretic model. Academy of Management Review, 22(1), p. 110-141. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9707180261
- Le Roy, F., & Czakon, W. (2016). Managing coopetition: the missing link between strategy and performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 53, p. 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.11.005
- Le Roy, F., & Fernandez, A. S. (2015). Managing coopetitive tensions at the working-group level: The rise of the coopetitive project team. British Journal of Management, 26(4), p. 671-688. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12095
- Lewis, M. W. (2000). Exploring paradox: Toward a more comprehensive guide. Academy of Management Review, 25(4), p. 760-776. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.3707712
- Lundgren-Henriksson, E. L., & Kock, S. (2016). Coopetition in a headwind—the interplay of sensemaking, sensegiving, and middle managerial emotional response in coopetitive strategic change development. Industrial Marketing Management, 58, p. 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2016.05.012
- Luo, X., Rindfleisch, A., & Tse, D. K. (2007). Working with rivals: The impact of competitor alliances on financial performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(1), p. 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.44.1.73
- Mariani, M. M. (2016). Coordination in inter-network co-opetitition: Evidence from the tourism sector. Industrial Marketing Management, 53, p. 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.11.015
- Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2018). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Sage Publications.
- Oliver, A. L. (2004). On the duality of competition and collaboration: network-based knowledge relations in the biotechnology industry. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 20(1-2), p. 151-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2004.06.002
- Oshri, I., & Weeber, C. (2006). Cooperation and competition standards-setting activities in the digitization era: The case of wireless information devices. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 18(2, p. 265-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320600624196
- Padula, G., & Dagnino, G. B. (2007). Untangling the rise of coopetition: The intrusion of competition in a cooperative game structure. International Studies of Management & Organization, 37(2, p. 32-52. https://doi.org/10.2753/imo0020-8825370202
- Pellegrin-Boucher, E., & Fenneteau, H. (2007). Le management de la coopétition: Le cas du secteur des ERP. Revue Française de Gestion, 33(176), p. 111-124. https://doi.org/10.3166/rfg.176.111-134
- Pellegrin-Boucher, E., Roy, F. R., & Gurău, C. (2013). Coopetitive strategies in the ICT sector: Typology and stability. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 25(1), p. 71-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2012.751011
- Pellegrin-Boucher, E., Roy, F. R., & Gurău, C. (2018). Managing selling coopetition: A case study of the ERP industry. European Management Review, 15(1), p. 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12123
- Pellegrin-Boucher, E., & Roy, P. (2019). Dynamique de la coopétition commerciale avec appels doffres: Le cas des cabinets d’architectes. Management International, 23(2), p. 115-126. https://doi.org/10.7202/1060035ar
- Quintana-García, C., & Benavides-Velasco, C. A. (2004). Cooperation, competition, and innovative capability: A panel data of European dedicated biotechnology firms. Technovation, 24(12), p. 927-938. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4972(03)00060-9
- Raza-Ullah, T., Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2014). The coopetition paradox and tension in coopetition at multiple levels. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(2), p. 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.11.001
- Ritala, P. (2012). Coopetition strategy—when is it successful? Empirical evidence on innovation and market performance. British Journal of Management, 23(3), p. 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00741.x
- Ritala, P., & Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, P. (2009). What’s in it for me? Creating and appropriating value in innovation-related coopetition. Technovation, 29(12), p. 819-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2009.07.002
- Ritala, P., & Sainio, L. M. (2014). Coopetition for radical innovation: Technology, market and business-model perspectives. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 26(2), p. 155-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2013.850476
- Robert, M., Chiambaretto, P., Mira, B., & Roy, F. L. (2018). Better, faster, stronger, the impact of market oriented coopetition on product commercial performance. M@n@gement, 21(1), p. 574-610. https://doi.org/10.3917/mana.211.0574
- Rouyre, A., & Fernandez, A. S. (2019). Managing knowledge sharing-protecting tensions in coupled innovation projects among several competitors. California Management Review, 62(1), p. 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619885151
- Seran, T., Pellegrin-Boucher, E., & Gurau, C. (2016). The management of coopetitive tensions within multi-unit organizations. Industrial Marketing Management, 53, p. 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.11.009
- Shapiro, C., & Varian, H. (1999). Information rules: A strategic guide to the network economy. Harvard Business Press.
- Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), p. 381-403. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.59330958
- Taylor, A. (2005). An operations perspective on strategic alliance success factors. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 25(5), p. 469-490. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570510593157
- Tidström, A. (2014). Managing tensions in coopetition. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(2), p. 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.12.001
- Troesch, E. M., & Schikora, P. F. (2010). Co-opetition between SAP and oracle: The effects of the partnership and competition on the companies success. Journal of Business Case Studies, 6(4), p. 59-65. https://doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v6i4.891
- Tsai, W. (2002). Social structure of “coopetition” within a multiunit organization: Coordination, competition, and intraorganizational knowledge sharing. Organization Science, 13(2), p. 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.13.2.179.536
- Wilhelm, M. M. (2011). Managing coopetition through horizontal supply chain relations: Linking dyadic and network levels of analysis. Journal of Operations Management, 29(7-8), p. 663-676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2011.03.003
- Yami, S., Castaldo, S., Dagnino, G. B., & Roy, F. L. (2010). Coopetition: Winning strategies for the 21st century. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Yin, R. K. (2015). Qualitative research from start to finish. Guilford Publications.