Abstracts
Abstract
This article analyzes the potential of industrial development in Africa. Starting with the observation that the domestic demand in Africa is mainly oriented towards entry-level products, we explore the advantages of an industrialization strategy aimed at manufacturing these products. After identifying the determinants of specialization in entry-level products, we find that these product lines can play a fundamental role in the industrialization of Africa. It should also be noted that studies on entry-level products in Africa are quite rare; this study therefore opens up avenues for future research.
Keywords:
- Specialization,
- Diversification,
- Entry-level products,
- Marketing,
- BoP,
- Tobit model
Résumé
Cet article analyse le potentiel de développement industriel en Afrique. Partant du constat que la demande intérieure africaine étant principalement orientée vers les produits d’entrée de gamme, nous explorons les avantages d’une stratégie d’industrialisation visant la fabrication de ces produits. Après identification des déterminants de la spécialisation dans les produits d’entrée de gamme, nous trouvons que ces gammes de produits peuvent jouer un rôle fondamental dans l’industrialisation de l’Afrique. Il convient de noter également que les études sur les produits d'entrée de gamme en Afrique sont assez rares; cette étude ouvre donc des pistes pour la recherche future.
Mots-clés :
- Spécialisation,
- Diversification,
- Produits d’entrée de gamme,
- Marketing,
- BoP,
- Modèle Tobit
Resumen
Este artículo analiza el potencial para el desarrollo industrial en África. Partiendo de la observación de que la demanda interna africana está principalmente orientada a productos básicos, exploramos las ventajas de una estrategia de industrialización orientada a la fabricación de estos productos. Después de identificar los factores determinantes de la especialización en productos básicos, encontramos que estas líneas de productos pueden desempeñar un papel fundamental en la industrialización de África. También se debe tener en cuenta que los estudios sobre productos básicos en África son bastante raros; Por lo tanto, este estudio abre vías para futuras investigaciones.
Palabras clave:
- Especialización,
- Diversificación,
- Productos básicos,
- Marketing,
- BoP,
- Modelo Tobit
Appendices
Bibliography
- Aiginger K. (1995), The Use of Unit Values for Evaluating the Competitiveness of Nations, Conceptual Issues and an Application for Germany, Austrian Institute of Economic Research and University of Linz.
- Akamatsu, K. (1962), A historical pattern of economic growth in developing countries, The Developing Economies, 1 (1), 3-25.
- Alfaro, L., C. Areendam, K‐O., Sebnem and S. Sayek (2004), FDI and Economic Growth: The Role of Local Financial Markets, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 64, N° 1, pp. 89-112.
- Amable and Verspage (1995), “The Role of technology in Market Shares Dynamics.” Applied Economics 27: 197-204.
- Anderson, E.J. and D. Marcouiller (2002), Insecurity and the Pattern of Trade: An Empirical Investigation, Review of Economics and Statistics, 84: 2, 342-352.
- Balassa B. (1971), The Structure of Protection in Developing Countries, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore and London.
- Basset J. (1747), Chronicum Rusticum-Comerciale, ed. John Smith, 2 vols. (London, 1747).
- Bhagwati J.N. (1978), Foreign trade regimes and economic development: Anatomy and Consequences of Exchange Control Regimes, Balinger Publishing, New York.
- Biggs T., Moody G.R., Van Leeuwen J.H. and White E.D. (1994), “Africa can incumbent on! Export Opportunities and Challenges for Garments and Home Products in the US Market, “World Bank Discussion paper, African technical Department Series, N° 242.
- Blomström M., Lipsey R.E. and Zejan M. (1992), What Explains Developing Country Growth? National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 4132.
- Borensztein E., De Gregorio J. and J.W. Lee (1998), How Does Foreign Investment Affect Economic Growth? Journal of International Economics, 45, 1, 115-35.
- Chaponnière J.R. et Lautier M. (2012), La montée des échanges Sud-Sud dans le commerce mondial, Paris, La Découverte.
- Chaponnière J.R. et Lautier M. (2014), La Chine et l’industrialisation au Sud, Revue Autrepart N° 66.
- Clarke G. (2005), “Beyond tariff and quotas: Why don’t African manufacturing enterprises export more?” World Bank policy research workingpaper, 3617, Washington DC: World Bank.
- Chandra, U., J.Y. Lin and Y. Wang (2012), “Leading Dragons Phenomenon: New Opportunities for Catch-Up in Low Income Countries”, World Bank, Washington, DC.
- Coulibaly S., Fontagné L. (2005) South-South Trade: Geography Matters, Journal of African Economies, (15): 313-341.
- Crabtree A. (2007), Evaluating the Bottom of Pyramid from a fundamental capabilities perspective, CBDS Working Paper Series.
- Cross J. (2014), “Dream zones: Anticipating Capitalism and development in India” London, UK: Pluto Press.
- Dalsace F. et Ménascé D. (2010), Structurer le débat “entreprises et pauvretés Légitimité, intérêt, modalité, efficacité, Revue française de gestion, Vol. 9-10, N° 208-209, p. 15-44
- De Janvry A. and Sadoulet E. (2011), “Agriculture for development in sub-Saharan Africa: An update”, African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
- De Mello L.R. (1999), Foreign Direct Investment-led Growth: Evidence from Time Series and Panel Data, Oxford Economic Papers, 51, 1, 133-51.
- Defoe D. (1728), A Plan of the English Commerce, (London, 1728; repr. Oxford, 1928), p. 49-50.
- Djankov S., Freund C., Pham C. (2010), “Trading on time”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 92 (1) (2010), pp. 166-173.
- Dolan (2012), “The new face of development: The ‘bottom of the pyramid’ entrepreneurs”, Anthropology Today, Vol. 28, N° 4
- Dolan C. and K. Roll (2013), “ASR forum: engaging with african informal economies”. African Studies Review, 56, pp. 123-146 doi: 10.1017/asr.2013.82
- Dolan C. and Rajak D. (2016), “Remaking Africa’s Informal Economies: Youth, Entrepreneurship and the Promise of Inclusion at the Bottom of the Pyramid”, The Journal of Development Studies, 52: 4, 514-529, DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2015.1126249
- Edwards S. (1998), Openness, productivity and growth: What do we really know? Economic Journal, 108 (March): 383-398.
- Eifert, B., Gelb, A. and Ramachandran, V. (2005), “Business environment and comparative advantage in Africa: Evidence from the investment climate data”, Center for global development working papers, 56, Washington DC.
- Elbadawi I., Mengistae T. and Zeufack A. (2006), “Market access, supplier access and Africa’s manufactured exports: An analysis of the role of geography and institutions”, World Bank policy working paper, 3942, Washington DC: World Bank.
- Fagerberg J. (1996), “Technology and Competitiveness”, Oxford Review of EconomicPolicy, Vol. 12, N° 3, Autumn, pp. 39-51.
- Fajgelbaum P., Grossman G. M. and Helpman E. (2011), Income Distribution, Product Quality, and International Trade, Journal of Political Economy, 119(4), 721-765.
- Findlay R. (1978), Relative Backwardness, Direct Foreign Investment and the Transfer of Technology: A Simple Dynamic Model, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 62, N° 1, pp. 1-16.
- Fontagné L., Gerard G.G. and Zignago S., (2008), Specialization Across Varieties and North-South Competition, Economic Policy, 23(53).
- Gaulier G., Jarreau J., Lemoine F., Poncet S. et Ünal D. (2010): Chine: fin du modèle de croissance extravertie, La Lettre du Cepii N° 298, 21 avril 2010
- Glass A. J. and Saggi K. (2002), Multinational Firms and Technology Transfer, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 104, N° 4, pp. 495-513.
- Görg, H. and Greenaway D. (2004), Much Ado about Nothing? Do Domestic Firms Really Benefit from Foreign Direct Investment?, World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 19, N° 2, pp. 171-97.
- Gorge H. et Özçaglar-Toulouse N. (2013), Expériences de consommation des individus pauvres en France: apports du Bas de la Pyramide et de la Transformative Consumer Research, Décisions Marketing, 72 (Octobre-Décembre), 139-156
- Grégoire E., (2006), “La migration des emplois à l’Île Maurice: la filière textile et les “TIC” Autrepart, 2006/1, N° 37)
- Grossman, G. and Helpman E. (1991), Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, MIT Press, Cambridge.
- Hart S. (2009), Sustainability Challenges and Solutions at the Base of the Pyramid: Business, Technology and the Poor, Nursery St Sheffiel, Greenleaf Publishing
- Hart, S. (2007), Capitalism at the Crossroads: Aligning Business, Earth, and Humanity, 2nd Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 260 pp.
- Haudeville B. and Le Bas C. (2016), “L’innovation frugale: une nouvelle opportunité pour les économies en développement?”, Mondes en développement 2016/1 (N° 173), pages 11 à 28.
- Heckscher, E. F. (1919, 1949). The effect of foreign trade on the distribution of income. (English translation of the original 1919 article in 1919, Ekonomisk Tidskrift)
- Hermes, N. and Lensink R. (2003), Foreign Direct Investment, Financial Development and Economic Growth, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 40, N° 1, pp. 142-63.
- Hugon P. (2014), Le rôle des puissances émergentes dans les transformations économiques de l’Afrique. Risques et opportunités, dans Bourgain A., Brot J. et Gérardin H. (ed.), L’intégration de l’Afrique dans l’économie mondiale, Karthala, 2014.
- Hummels, D., and Klenow P.J. (2005), The Variety and Quality of a Nation’s Exports, American Economic Review, 95(3), 704-723.
- Humphreys, M., Sachs, J.D and Stiglitz, J.E. (2007), “What is the problem with natural resource wealth”, in Humphreys, M., Sachs, J.D. and Stiglitz, J.E (Eds), Escaping the Resource Curse, Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 1-20.
- Jenkins R. and Edwards C. (2005), The effect of China and India’s growth and trade liberalisation on poverty in Africa, Department for International Development (DFID).
- Kaldor N. (1978), The Effect of Devaluations on Trade in Manufactures, in Further Essays on Applied Economics, London: Duckworth, pp. 99-118.
- Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2009), Chinese FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa: Engaging with Large Dragons, The European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 21, N° 4, pp. 551-569.
- Karnani A. (2007), The Mirage of marketing to the Bottom of Pyramid: How the Private Sector can help alleviate poverty, California Management Review, Vol. 49 N° 4, p. 90-111.
- Karnani A. (2008), Help, don’t Romanticize, the Poor, Business Strategy Review Vol. 19 N° 2, p. 48-53.
- Kaufmann, Daniel and Kraay, Aart and Mastruzzi, Massimo, (2010), “The worldwide governance indicators: methodology and analytical issues”, Policy Research, Working Paper Series 5430, The World Bank.
- Kim L. (1980), “Stages of development of industrial technology in a developement countrry: a model”, Research Policy, 9, 254-277
- Krueger A.O. (1978), Foreign trade regimes and economic development: Liberalization attempts and consequences, Lexington, MA: Ballinger Press.
- Krugman, P. (1980), Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade, American Economic Review, 70(5), 950-959.
- Lafay G. (2004), Initiation à l’Économie Internationale, Economica, Paris.
- Linder S.B. (1961), An Essay on Trade and Transformation, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- List F. (1841), The national system of political economy, reed. 1928, Londres, Longman.
- Little I.M.D., Scitovsky T., and Scott M. (1970), Industry and trade in some developing countries, London: Oxford University Press.
- Lilas D. (2009). Déterminants et nature des spécialisations Nord-Sud: quelques enseignements tirés de la littérature empirique. Revue d’économie politique, Vol. 119, (1), 71-94.
- Mainguy C. (1998), L’Afrique peut-elle être compétitive?, Paris, Karthala.
- Marfaing L. et Thiel A., (2013), “Petits commerçants chinois en Afrique et saturation des marchés ouest-africains. Déconstruction d’une rumeur (Dakar-Accra)”, migrations et société 013/5 (N° 149), pages 137-158.
- Matthews et Yang, (2012), “How africans pursue low-end globalization in Hong Kong and Mainland China”, Journal of Current Chinese Affair, Vol. 41, N° 2, p. 95-120
- Morrissey O. (2005), “Imports and implementation: Neglected aspects of trade in the report of the commission for Africa”, Journal of Development Studies, 41(4), 1133-1153.
- Ohlin B. (1933), Interregional and International Trade, Cambridge: Harvard University Press)
- Onjala J. (2008), A scoping study on China-Africa economic relations: the case of Kenya, Revised final report submitted to the African Economic Research Consortium, Africa Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi.
- Page, J. (2012). Can Africa Industrialise?, Journal of African Economies, 21(AERC Supplement 2): ii86-ii125.
- Parthasarathi P. (1998), Rethinking Wages and Competitiveness in the Eighteenth Century: Britain and South India, Past & Present, N° 158, pp. 79-109.
- Prahalad C.K and Hart S. (2002), The Fortune of the bottom of the pyramid, Strategie+Business, 26, 1-14
- Prebisch R. (1959), Commercial Policy in the Underdeveloped Countries, The American Economic Review, Vol. 49, N° 2 (May, 1959), pp. 251-273.
- Radjou N. et Prabhu J. (2015), L’innovation frugale, ou Comment faire mieux avec moins, Edition Diateino, 377 pages
- Rodriguez F. and Rodrik D. (2001), Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Cross-National Evidence, in NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, edited by B. Bernanke and K.S. Rogoff, MIT Press, Cambridge MA, pp. 261-338.
- Sachs J. and Warner A. (1995), Economic reform and the process of global integration, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995(1): 1-118.
- Samuelson, P. A. (1948). “International Trade and the Equalisation of Factor Prices”, Economic Journal, June, pp. 163-184.
- Santi M. (2013), “Le low cost, un business model paradoxal et vertueux”, Dans Après-demain 2013/1 (N° 25, NF), pages 26 à 28
- Schleifer, A. and R. W. Vishny (1993), Corruption, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108: 3, 599-617.
- Schott P.K. (2004), Across-Product versus Within-Product Specialization in International Trade”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(2).
- Singer H. (1964), International Development: Growth and Change, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964.
- Stevens C. and Kenan J. (2006), How to identify the trade impact of China on small countries, IDS Bulletin, Vol 37 N° 1, Institute of Development Studies
- Thoburn J. (2000), In search of a way to African industry: Strategic Issues and Options, UNIDO Discussion Paper.
- UNCTAD (2011), “Fostering industrial development in Africa in the new global environment”, Economic Development in Africa, 2011.
- UNIDO (2009), Industrial Development Report (2009), “Breaking In and Moving Up: New Industrial Challenges for Bottom Billion and the Muddle-Income Countries”, UNIDO, ID, N° 438
- Van Wijnbergen, S. (1984), The ‘Dutch Disease’: A Disease After All? The Economic Journal, N° 94, p. 373: 41.
- Wood A. and Berge K. (1997), “Exporting manufactures: Human resources, natural resources and trade policy”, Journal of Development Studies, 34, 35-59.
- World Bank (2006), “Assessing World Bank assistance for trade 1987-2004”, Washington DC, USA: World Bank.
- World Bank (2007), “A Decade of Measuring the Quality of Governance”, Washington DC, USA: World Bank.