Abstracts
Abstract
We explore the relationship between the characteristics of social capital, the speed of access to medical technologies and the role of gender in a private practice context. Our findings from a sample of 98 German private practitioners show that: (a) being a woman has an overall negative impact on the speed of access to medical technologies; (b) private practitioners with strong social network ties obtain quicker access to medical technologies than do those with weak ties; (c) men relying on their weak ties perform better than women who do so. In contrast, we observe that women relying on strong ties outperform their male counterparts in terms of speed of access to medical technologies.
Keywords:
- social capital,
- gender,
- private practitioners,
- healthcare
Résumé
Nous explorons la relation entre les caractéristiques du capital social, la rapidité d’accès aux technologies médicales et le genre dans le contexte de cabinets médicaux privés. Les conclusions tirées à partir d’un échantillon de 98 médecins privés allemands montrent que : a) le fait d’être une femme médecin a un impact négatif global sur la rapidité d’accès aux technologies médicales; (b) les médecins privés ayant des liens sociaux forts obtiennent un accès plus rapide aux technologies médicales que ceux qui ont des liens faibles; c) les hommes qui s’appuient sur leurs liens faibles obtiennent de meilleurs résultats que les femmes. En revanche, nous observons que les femmes qui ont des liens forts ont plus rapidement accès aux technologies médicales que leurs homologues masculins.
Mots-clés :
- capital social,
- genre,
- médecin dans le privé,
- médecine
Resumen
Exploramos la relación entre las características del capital social, la rapidez del acceso a tecnologías médicas y el papel del género en un contexto de práctica privada. Nuestros hallazgos en una muestra de 98 practicantes privados alemanes muestran que: (a) ser una mujer tiene un impacto negativo en general en relación con la rapidez de acceso a tecnologías médicas; (b) practicantes privados con vínculos fuertes de redes sociales obtienen acceso a tecnologías médicas más rápido que aquellos que tienen vínculos débiles; (c) hombres que dependen en sus vínculos débiles se desempeñan mejor que mujeres que hacen lo mismo. Por lo contrario, observamos que mujeres que dependen en vínculos fuertes superan a sus contrapartes varones en términos de rapidez de acceso a tecnología médica.
Palabras clave:
- capital social,
- género,
- practicantes privados,
- cuidado de salud
Appendices
Bibliography
- Adler, P.S., and Kwon, S.W. (2002). Social capital: prospects for a new concept, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 27 N°1, p. 17-40.
- Ahuja, G. (2000). Collaboration networks, structural holes, and innovation: a longitudinal study. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 45, N°3, p. 425-455.
- Aldrich, H., Reese, P.R., Dubini, P. (1989). Women on the verge of a breakthrough: networking among entrepreneurs in the United States and Italy. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Vol. 1, N°4, p. 339-356.
- Beggs, J.J., Hurlbert, J.S. (1997). The social context of men’s and women’s job search ties: membership in voluntary organizations, social resources, and job search outcomes. Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 40, N°4, p. 601-622.
- Berger, L., Benschop, Y. (2015). Practising gender when networking: the case of university industry innovation projects. Gender, Work & Organization, Vol. 22, N°6, p. 556-578.
- Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: a social critique of the judgement of taste. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Breyer, F. (2012). Implizite versus explizite Rationierung von Gesundheitsleistungen [Implicit versus explicit rationing of health services]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Vol. 55, p. 652-659.
- Buddeberg-Fischer, B., Stamm, M., Buddeberg, C., Bauer, G., Hämmig, O., Knecht, M., et al. (2010). The impact of gender and parenthood on physicians’ careers - professional and personal situation seven years after graduation. BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 10, N°1, p. 1-10.
- Burt, R. (1992). Structural holes: the social structure of competition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Busse, R., Blümel, M. (2014). Germany. Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, Vol. 16, N°2, p. 1-296.
- Busson-Villa, F., Gallopel-Morvan, K., Le Gall-Ely, M. (2016). La collecte de fonds dans les établissements de santé: facteurs clefs d’efficacité. Management International, Vol. 20, N°3, p. 111-122.
- Calciolari, Stefano, González-Ortiz, Laura G., & Lega, Federico (2017). The influential role of personal advice networks on general practitioners’ performance: a social capital perspective, BMC Health Services Research, BMC series – open, inclusive and trusted, Vol. 17, N°543.
- Carr, P.L., Pololi, L., Knight, S., Conrad, P. (2009). Collaboration in academic medicine: reflections on gender and advancement. Academic Medicine, Vol. 84, N°10, p. 1447-1453.
- Carr, P.L., Szalacha, L., Barnett, R., Caswell, C., Inui, T. (2003). A “ton of feathers”: gender discrimination in academic medical careers and how to manage it. Journal of Women’s Health, Vol. 12, N°10, p. 1009-1018.
- Carter, N., Brush, C., Greene, P., Gatewood, E., Hart, M. (2003). Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: the influence of human, social and financial capital. Venture Capital, Vol. 5, N°1, p. 1-28.
- Carter, S., Shaw, E., Lam, W., Wilson, F. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurship, and bank lending: the criteria and processes used by bank loan officers in assessing applications. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 31, N°3, p. 427-444.
- Chen, C-N., Tzeng, L-C., Ou, W-M., Chang, K-T/ (2007). The Relationship among Social Capital, Entrepreneurial Orientation, Organizational Resources and Entrepreneurial Performance for New Ventures. Contemporary Management Research, Vol. 3, N°3, p. 213-232.
- Chollet, B. (2005). Le rôle du réseau personnel de l’ingénieur en R&D: le cas du secteur des micro et nanotechnologies. Thèse de Doctorat en Sciences de Gestion, Université Pierre Mendès-France.
- Chollet, B., Geraudel, M., Mothe, C. (2014). Generating business referrals for SMEs: the contingent value of CEOs’ social capital. Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 52, N°1, p. 79-101.
- Coleman, J.S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94 (Supplement: Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure), p. 95-120.
- Conceição, P., Gibson, D.V., Heitor, M.V., Shariq, S. (2000). Science, technology and innovation policy: opportunities and challenges for the knowledge economy. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Dang, R., Nguyen, D.K. (2016). Does board gender diversity make a difference? new evidence from quantile regression analysis, Management International, Vol. 20, N°2, p. 95-106.
- Davidsson, P., Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 18, N°1, p. 301-331.
- DeCarolis, D.M., Litzky, B.E., Eddleston, K.A. (2009). Why networks enhance the progress of new venture creation: the influence of social capital and cognition, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 33, N°2, p. 527-545.
- DeJong, J.P.J., Marsili, O. (2015). Founding a business inspired by close entrepreneurial ties: does it matter for survival? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 39, N°5, p. 1005-1025.
- Efendic, A., Mickiewicz, T., Rebmann, A. (2015). Growth aspirations and social capital: young firms in a postconflict environment, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 33, N°5, p. 537-561.
- Engelen, A., Kaulfersch, A., Schmidt, S. (2016). The contingent role of top management’s social capital on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and performance, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 54, N°3, p. 827-850.
- Felício, J.A., Couto, E., Caiado, J. (2012). Human capital and social capital in entrepreneurs and managers of small and medium enterprises, Journal of Business Economics and Management, Vol. 13, N°3, p. 395-420.
- ForsbergKankkunen, T. (2014). Access to networks in genderized contexts: the construction of hierarchical networks and inequalities in feminized, caring and masculinized, technical occupations. Gender, Work & Organization, Vol. 21, N°4, p. 340-352.
- Godwin, L.N., Stevens, C.E., Brenner, N.L. (2006). Forced to play by the rules? Theorizing how mixed-sex founding teams benefit women entrepreneurs in male-dominated contexts. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 30, N°5, p. 623-642.
- Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 78, N°6, p. 1360-1380.
- Greve, A., Salaff, J.W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 28, N°1, p. 1-22.
- Gundolf, K., Cesinger, B., Géraudel, M., Filser, M. (2017). Strong ties, personality, and legitimacy of entrepreneurs: the case of private physicians. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 9, N°4, p. 346-372.
- Hampton, A., Cooper, S., Mcgowan, P. (2009). Female entrepreneurial networks and networking activity in technology-based ventures: an exploratory study. International Small Business Journal, Vol. 27, N°2, p. 193-214.
- Hmieleski, K.M., Carr, J.C., Baron, R.A. (2015). Integrating discovery and creation perspectives of entrepreneurial action: the relative roles of founding CEO human capital, social capital, and psychological capital in contexts of risk versus uncertainty, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Vol. 9, N°4, p. 289-312.
- Hoang, H., Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship, a critical review. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 18, p. 165-187.
- Ibarra, H. (1992), Homophily and differential returns: sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 37, p. 422-447.
- Ingram, P., Roberts, P.W. (2000). Friendships among competitors in the Sydney hotel industry. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 106, N°2, p. 387-424.
- Jack, S. L. (2005). The role, use and activation of strong and weak network ties: a qualitative analysis, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 42, N°6, p. 1233-1259.
- Jansen, R.J.G., Curşeu, P.L., Vermeulen, P.A.M., Geurts, J.L.A., Gibcus, P. (2011). Information processing and strategic decision-making in small and medium-sized enterprises: the role of human and social capital in attaining decision effectiveness, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 31, N°2, p. 192-216.
- Jonsson, S., Lindbergh, J. (2011). The development of social capital and financing of entrepreneurial firms: from financial bootstrapping to bank funding, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 37, N°4, p. 661-686.
- Jones, R.L.O. (2015), Entrepreneurial social capital research: resolving the structure and agency dualism, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, Vol. 21, N°3, p. 338-363.
- Kirkpatrick, I., Bullinger, B., Lega, F., Dent, M. (2013). The translation of hospital management models in European health systems: a framework for comparison. British Journal of Management, Vol. 24, S48-S61.
- Klyver, K., Foley, D. (2012). Networking and culture in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Vol. 24, N°7-8, p. 561-588.
- Klyver, K., Terjesen, S. (2007). Entrepreneurial network composition: an analysis across venture development stage and gender. Women in Management Review, Vol. 22, N°8, p. 682-688.
- Klyver, K., Schenkel, M.T. (2013). From resource access to use: exploring the impact of resource combinations on nascent entrepreneurship, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 51, N°4, p. 539-556.
- Kopetsch, T. (2014). Wartezeiten in der ambulanten Versorgung [Waiting times in ambulatory care]. Berlin: Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung.
- Krause, D. R., Handfield, R. B., Tyler, B. B. (2007). The relationships between supplier development, commitment, social capital accumulation and performance improvement. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, N°2, p. 528-545
- Kumra, S., Vinnicombe, S. (2010). Impressing for success: a gendered analysis of a key social capital accumulation strategy. Gender, Work & Organization, Vol. 17, N°5, p. 521-546.
- Lee, W.-J. (2015). Social capital as a source of business advantages for a woman entrepreneur in the context of small-size business, Asian Social Science, Vol. 11, N°12, p. 155-167.
- Lemieux-Charles, L., Meslin, E.M., Aird, C., Baker, R., Leatt, P. (1993). Ethical issues faced by clinician/managers in resource-allocation decisions. Hospital & Health Services Administration, Vol. 38, N°2, p. 267-285.
- Lettieri, E., Bartoli, L., Masella, C. (2013). Coordinating intra-sector services in healthcare: requirements and elements that managers should take into account. European Management Journal, Vol. 31, N°6, p. 591-601.
- Liao, T., Stevens, G. (1994). Spouses, homogamy, and social networks. Social Forces, Vol. 73, N°2, p. 693-707.
- Lin, N. (2000). Inequality in social capital. Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 29, N°6, p. 785-795.
- Lin, N. (2002). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action (Vol. 19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Linehan, M., Scullion, H. (2008). The development of female global managers: the role of mentoring and networking. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 83, N°1, p. 29-40.
- Long, J.C., Cunningham, F.C., Braithwaite, J. (2013). Bridges, brokers and boundary spanners in collaborative networks: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 13, N°158, doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-158.
- Lutter, M. (2015). Do women suffer from network closure? The moderating effect of social capital on gender inequality in a project-based labor market, 1929 to 2010. American Sociological Review, online before print.
- Mamavi, O., Meier, O., Zerbib, R. (2015). Alliance management capability: the roles of alliance control and strength of ties, Management Decision, Vol. 53, N°10, p. 2250-2267.
- Manolova, T.S., Manev, I.M., Carter, N.M., Gyoshev, B. S. (2006). Breaking the family and friends’ circle: Predictors of external financing usage among men and women entrepreneurs in a transitional economy. Venture Capital, Vol. 8, N°2, p. 109-132.
- Marsden, P.V., Campbell, K.E. (1984). Measuring Tie Strength. Social Forces, Vol. 63, N°2, p. 482-501.
- McGowan, P., Cooper, S., Durkin, M., O’Kane, C. (2015). The influence of social and human capital in developing young women as entrepreneurial business leaders, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 53, N°3, p. 645-661.
- McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., Cook, J.M. (2001). Birds of a feather: homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 27, p. 415-444.
- Molyneux, M. (2002). Gender and the silences of social capital: lessons from Latin America. Development and Change, Vol. 33, N°2, p. 167-188.
- Mosey, S., Wright, M. (2007). From human capital to social capital: a longitudinal study of technology-based academic entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 31, N°6, p. 909-935.
- Nahapiet, J., Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, N°2, p. 242-266.
- Nomura, K., Gohchi, K. (2012). Impact of gender-based career obstacles on the working status of women physicians in Japan. Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 75, N°9, p. 1612-1616.
- Oakley, J.G. (2000). Gender-based barriers to senior management positions: understanding the scarcity of female CEOs, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 27, N°4, p. 321-334.
- Orhan, M., Scott, D. (2001). Why women enter into entrepreneurship: an explanatory model. Women in Management Review, Vol. 16, N°5, p. 232-247.
- Oudshoorn, N. (2011). Telecare technologies and the transformation of healthcare. Gordonsville: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Pearson, A.W., Carr, J.C., Shaw, J.C. (2008). Toward a theory of familiness: a social capital perspective, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 32, N°6, p. 949-969.
- Powell, G.N., Eddleston, K.A. (2013). Linking family-to-business enrichment and support to entrepreneurial success: do female and male entrepreneurs experience different outcomes? Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 28, N°2, p. 261-280.
- Rankin, K.N. (2002). Social capital, microfinance, and the politics of development. Feminist Economics, Vol. 8, N°1, p. 1-24.
- Renzulli, L.A., Aldrich, H., Moody, J. (2000). Family matters: gender, networks, and entrepreneurial outcomes. Social Forces, Vol. 79, N°2, p. 523-546.
- Robinson, S., Stubberud, H.A. (2009). Sources of advice in entrepreneurship: gender differences in business owners’ social networks. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 13, p. 83-101.
- Romero, I., Yu, Z. (2015). Analyzing the influence of social capital on self-employment: a study of Chinese immigrants, The Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 54, N°3, p. 877-899.
- Schröder, E. (2010). Wandel im ärztlichen Selbstverständnis [Changes in physicians‘ self-concepts]. Ärztepost, Winter, p. 20-25.
- Semrau, T., Werner, A. (2012). The two sides of the story: network investments and new venture creation, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 50, N°1, p. 159-180.
- Seraj, S.B., Tsouroufli, M., Branine, M. (2015). Gender, mentoring and social capital in the National Health Service (NHS) in Scotland, UK. In M. Tsouroufli (Ed.), Gender, Careers and Inequalities in Medicine and Medical Education: International Perspectives (p. 43-68). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- Shapiro, J. (2005). Markets in health care: taking a tiger by the tail? Australian Health Review, Vol. 29, N°4, p. 383-385.
- Shaw, E., Carter, S., Brierton, J. (2001). Unequal entrepreneurs: why female enterprise is an uphill business. The Work Foundation, The Industrial Society Policy Paper, p. 1-19.
- Singh, R.P., Lucas, L.M. (2005). Not just domestic engineers: an exploratory study of homemaker entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 29, N°1, p. 79-90.
- Tesch, B.J., Wood, H.M., Helwig, A.L., Nattinger, A. (1995). Promotion of women physicians in academic medicine: glass ceiling or sticky floor? JAMA, Vol. 273, N°13, p. 1022-1025.
- Unger, R.K., Crawford, M.E. (1992). Women and gender: A feminist psychology. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
- Vosta, L.N., Jalilvand, M.R. (2014). Examining the influence of social capital on rural women entrepreneurship: an empirical study in Iran, World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, Vol. 10, N°3, p. 209-227.
- Watson, J. (2012). Networking: gender differences and the association with firm performance. International Small Business Journal, Vol. 30, N°5, p. 536-558.
- Zane, L.J., DeCarolis, D.M. (2016). Social networks and the acquisition of resources by technology-based new ventures, Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, Vol. 28, N°3, p. 203-221.
10.7202/1051311ar