Abstracts
Abstract
The emergence of a giant like China changes the landscape. The potential localization of multinational companies' R&D centers into emerging countries changes the analytical perspective. This phenomenon moves the knowledge frontier and creates a real paradigm change in terms of innovation and technology transfer. On the one hand, we confirm the global trend of knowledge sources implied in previous studies and we demonstrate that multinationals might now choose emergent countries as a strategic place to externalize R&D. On the other hand, we go further by empirically showing the phenomena of reverse innovation and reverse technology transfer in the pharmaceutical sector.
Keywords:
- Innovation,
- Reverse Innovation,
- Technology Transfer,
- Spillovers,
- Pharmaceutical Companies,
- China
Résumé
L'émergence d'un géant comme la Chine bouscule les acquis. La localisation de centres de R&D par des entreprises multinationales dans les pays émergents modifie les perspectives et crée un véritable changement de paradigme en termes d’innovation et de transfert technologique. Dans cet article, nous confirmons d'une part cette tendance mondiale déjà évoquée dans les études précédentes et nous démontrons que les multinationales peuvent maintenant choisir les pays émergents comme un lieu stratégique pour externaliser la R&D. D'autre part, nous allons plus loin en montrant empiriquement les phénomènes d’innovation inverse et de transfert technologique inverse dans le secteur pharmaceutique.
Mots-clés :
- Innovation,
- innovation inverse (inversée),
- transfert technologique,
- compagnies pharmaceutiques,
- Chine
Resumen
La aparición de un gigante como China molesta a los que ocupan el espacio. La ubicación de los centros de I&D de las empresas multinacionales en los países emergentes modifica las perspectivas y crea un cambio de paradigma en términos de innovación y transferencia de tecnología. En este artículo, confirmamos por un lado esta tendencia mundial ya evocada en estudios anteriores y demostramos que las multinacionales pueden ahora elegir los países emergentes como un lugar estratégico para externalizar I&D. En segundo lugar, vamos más allá al mostrar empíricamente los fenómenos opuestos de la innovación inversa y la transferencia tecnológica inversa en el sector farmacéutico.
Palabras clave:
- innovación,
- innovación inversa,
- transferencia de tecnología,
- compañías farmacéuticas,
- China
Appendices
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