Abstracts
Résumé
Le choix de la structure de gouvernance est susceptible d’avoir un impact majeur sur l’efficacité du gouvernement d’entreprise. Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser les variables influençant le choix d’une structure de gouvernance donnée : conseil d’administration avec PDG, conseil d’administration avec séparation des fonctions ou Directoire et Conseil de surveillance. Nos résultats basés sur une étude quantitative portant sur les sociétés françaises cotées montrent que la probabilité d’adoption d’une structure autonome est liée au degré d’enracinement du dirigeant, à la concentration du capital, l’identité des actionnaires, la composition du conseil et le contexte de performance.
Mots-clés :
- Conseil d’administration,
- conseil de surveillance,
- directoire,
- gouvernement d’entreprise,
- modèles multinomiaux
Abstract
The choice of governance structure is likely to have a major impact on the effectiveness of corporate governance. This article aims to analyze the variables that influence the choice of a given corporate governance structure: Board of directors with CEO, Board of directors with separate functions or Management Board and Supervisory Board. Based on our quantitative study of French listed companies, results show that the probability of adoption of an autonomous structure is related to the degree of CEO entrenchment, the concentration of capital, the identity of shareholders, the composition of the Board and the performance context.
Keywords:
- Board of Directors,
- Supervisory Board,
- Directorate,
- Corporate Governance,
- Multinomial models
Resumen
Es probable que la eleccion de la estructura de gobierno tenga un impacto mayor sobre la eficacia de la administracion empresarial. Este articulo tiene como objetivo de analizar las variables que influyen la eleccion de una estructura de gobierno dada : consejo de administracion con presidente ejecutivo, consejo de administracion con separacion de las funciones o la junta directiva y Consejo de Vigilancia. Nuestros resultados, basados en un estudio cuantitativo aplicado a empresas francesas cotizadas en bolsa, muestran que la probabilidad de adopcion de una estructura autonoma esta realcionana al grado de arraigamiento del director, a la concentracion del capital, a la identidad de los accionistas, a la composicion de la junta directiva y al contexto del resultado.
Palabras clave:
- Consejo de administracion,
- Consejo de Vigilancia,
- Junta Directiva,
- Gobierno coporativo,
- Modelos Multinomiales
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Aguilera R., Filatotchev I., Gospel H. et Jackson G., (2008), An Organizational Approach to Comparative Corporate Governance: Costs, Contingencies, and Complementarities, Organization Science, vol. 19, n° 3, pp. 475-492.
- Ali A., Chen T-Y, Radhakrishnan S., (2007), Corporate disclosures by family firms, Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 44, n° 1–2, pp. 238–286.
- Anderson, J., (1984), Regression and Ordered Categorical Variables (with Discussion), Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, vol. 46, pp. 1-30.
- Anderson R., Reeb D., (2003), Founding-Family Ownership and Firm Performance: Evidence from the S&P 500, Journal of Finance, vol. 58, n° 3, pp. 1301–1327.
- Baker M., et Gompers P., (2003), The Determinants of Board Structure at the Initial Public Offering, Journal of Law & Economics, vol. 46, n° 2, pp. 569-98.
- Baliga B., Moyer B . et Rao R., (1996), CEO Duality and Firm Performance: What’s the Fuss?, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 17, n° 1, pp. 41-53.
- Barca F. et Trento S., (1997), State Ownership and the Evolution of Italian Corporate Governance, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 6, n° 3, pp. 533-559.
- Beard D., et Dess G., (1981), Corporate-Level Strategy, Business-Level Strategy, and Firm Performance, Academy of Management Journal, 24, pp. 663-689.
- Barrédy C., (2008), Gouvernance de la société familiale cotée : les raisons de l’adoption d’une SA en directoire et conseil de surveillance, Revue Française de Gestion, n° 185, pp. 1-19.
- Boone A., Field Casares L., Karpoff J., Raheja C., (2007), The determinants of corporate board size and composition: an empirical analysis, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 85, pp. 66-101.
- Borokhovich K., Parrino R. et Trapani T., (1996), Outside directors and CEO selection, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, vol. 31, pp. 337-355.
- Brown L., Caylor M., (2006), Corporate governance and firm valuation, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, n° 25, pp. 409-434.
- Burkart M., F. Panunzi, et Shleifer A., (2003), Family firms, Journal of Finance, vol. 58, n° 5, pp. 2167-2202.
- Cadbury A., (1992), The Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, Burgess Science Press, Great Britain.
- Castanias R., Helfat C., (1992), Managerial and Windfall Rents in the Market for Corporate Control, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation, vol. 18, pp. 153-184.
- Charlier P., (2013), La société en Commandite par actions : un outil de strasmission pour la l’entreprise familiale cotée; 12e Conférence Internationale de Gouvernance, Nantes, 2 et 3 mai 2013.
- Charlier P. et Cartier J-B., (2012), Les particularités de la société en commandite par actions au regard des conflits d’agence, 4e Colloque international Fiscalité, Droit et Sciences de Gestion, 6 et 7 décembre 2012, Marrakech.
- Charlier P. et Lambert G., (2009), Analyse multivariable de la performance des PME familiales : Une lecture par la théorie positive de l’agence, Management International, vol. 13, n° 2, pp. 67-79.
- Charreaux G., (1997), Vers une théorie du gouvernement des entreprises, dans Le Gouvernement des Entreprises, Charreaux G. (ed.), coll. Recherche en Gestion, Economica p. 421-469.
- Clarke T., (2007), International Corporate Governance: A Comparative Approach, Routledge.
- Couret A., (2002), L’évolution juridique du cadre, Revue Française de Gestion, n° 141, pp. 377-395.
- Daily C., Dalton, D., Rajagopalan, N., (2003), Governance through ownership: centuries of practice, decades of research, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 46, pp. 151-158.
- Daily C. et Dalton D., (2007), CEO and director turnover in failing firms: An illusion of change?, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 16, n° 5, pp. 393-400.
- Davidson W., Nemec C. et Worrell D., (2001), Succession Planning vs. Agency Theory: A Test of Harris and Helfat’s Interpretation of Plurality Announcement Market Returns, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 22, n° 2, pp. 179-184.
- Denis D. et Sarin A., (1999), Ownership and board structures in publicly traded corporations, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 52, pp. 187-224.
- Eminet A., Guedri Z., (2010), The Role of Nominating Committees and Director Reputation in Shaping the Labor Market for Directors: An Empirical Assessment, Corporate Governance: an International Review, vol. 18, n° 6, pp. 557-574.
- Faleye O., Mehrotra V., Morck R., (2006), When Labor Has a Voice in Corporate Governance, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, vol. 41, n° 3, p. 489-510.
- Fama E. et Jensen M., (1983), Separation of Ownership and Control, Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 26, pp. 301-326.
- Finkelstein S., D’Aveni R., (1994), CEO Duality as a Double –Edged Sword : How Boards of Directors Balance Entrenchment Avoidance and Unity of Command, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 37, n° 5, p. 1079-1108.
- Friedman S. et Singh H., (1989), CEO Succession and Stockholder Reaction: The Influence of Organizational Context and Event Content, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 32, n° 4, pp. 718-744.
- Gamble J., (2000), Management Commitment to Innovation and ESOP Stock Concentration, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 15, p. 433-447.
- Godard L., (1998), Les déterminants du choix entre un conseil d’administration et un conseil de surveillance, Finance-Contrôle-Stratégie, vol. 1, n° 4, pp. 39-61.
- Godard L., Schatt A., (2000), Quelles sont les caractéristiques optimales du conseil d’administration ?, La Revue du Financier, n° 127, pp. 36-47.
- Godard L., Schatt A., (2005a), Les déterminants de la qualité des conseils d’administration français, Gestion 2000 vol. 22, n° 4, p. 81-101 2005
- Godard L., Schatt A., (2005b), Caractéristiques et fonctionnement des conseils d’administration français : un état des lieux, Revue Française de Gestion vol. 31, n° 158, p. 69-87.
- Godard L., Schatt A., (2005c), Faut-il limiter le cumul des fonctions dans les conseils d’administration ? Le cas français, La Revue des Sciences de Gestion, n° 213, p. 61-72.
- Godard L., Schatt A. et Raffournier B., (2008), Quels sont les déterminants de la composition des conseils d’administration ? Le cas des entreprises belges, françaises, et suisses, Revue Française de Gouvernance d’Entreprise n° 4, 2e semestre, p. 33-58.
- Goyal V. et Park C., (2002), Board leadership structure and CEO turnover, Journal of Corporate Finance, vol. 8, n° 1, pp. 49–66.
- Gomez P-Y, Korine H., (2009), L’entreprise dans la démocratie, De Boeck.
- Graziano C. et Luporini A., (2005), Ownership Concentration, Monitoring and Optimal Board Structure,CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo Working Paper n° 1543.
- Greene W., (2008), Econometric Analysis, Pearson, 6e edition.
- Harris D. et Helfat C., (1998), CEO Duality, Succession, Capabilities and Agency Theory: Commentary and Research Agenda, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 19, n° 9, pp. 901-904.
- Hermalin B. et Weisbach M., (1988), The Determinants of Board Composition, RAND Journal of Economics, vol. 19, pp. 589-606.
- Hermalin B., Weisbach M., (1998), Endogenously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO, American Economic Review, vol. 88, pp. 96–118.
- Hermalin B., Weisbach M., (2003), Board of directors as an endogenously determined institution: A survey of economic literature, FRBNY Economic Policy Review, Avril, pp. 7-26.
- Hill C., Phan P., (1991), CEO tenure as determinant of CEO pay, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 34, n° 3, pp. 707-717.
- Hill, C., Snell S., (1988), External Control, Corporate Strategy, and Firm Performance in Research-Intensive Industries, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 9, pp. 577-589.
- Iyengar R. et Zampelli E., (2009), Self-Selection, Endogeneity, and the Relationship between CEO Duality and Firm Performance, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 30, n° 10, pp. 1092-1112.
- Jensen M., Warner J., (1988), The distribution of power among corporate managers, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 20, pp. 3-24.
- Johnson, J., Daily C., et Ellstrand, A., (1996), Boards of directors: A review and research agenda, Journal of Management, vol. 22, pp. 409-438.
- Kosnik R., (1987), Greenmail: A study of board performance in corporate governance. Administrative Science Quarterly. 32:163-185.
- Lehn K., Patro S., Zhao M., (2005), Determinants of the size and structure of corporate boards: 1935–2000, Unpublished working paper, University of Pittsburgh.
- Linck, J., Netter J., Yang T., (2008), Determinants of Board Structure, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 87, pp. 308-328.
- Maasen G., (2002), An International Comparison of Corporate Governance Models, Spencer Stuart, 3e edition.
- Mace M., (1971), Directors : Myth and Reality, Boston, Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration.
- Mizruchi, M., (1983), Who Controls Whom?: An Examination of the Relation Between Management and Boards of Directors in Large American Corporations, Academy of Management Review, vol. 8, pp. 426-435.
- Morck R., Schleifer A., Vishny R., (1988), Managerial ownership and market valuation: an empirical analysis, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 20, pp. 293-315.
- Occasio W., (1999), Institutionalized Action and Corporate Governance: The Reliance on Rules of CEO Succession, Administrative Science Quaterly, vol. 44, n° 2, pp. 384-416.
- Pichard-Stamford J-P., (2002), L’enracinement des dirigeants familiaux in La gestion des entreprises familiales, de Caby J. et Hirigoyen G. (eds.), Economica.
- Pichet E., (2009), Le gouvernement d’entreprise dans les grandes societies cotées, Les Editions du Siècle.
- Raheja C., (2005), Determinants of Board Size and Composition: A Theory of Corporate Boards, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, vol. 40, n° 2, pp. 283-306.
- Rechner P., Dalton D., CEO duality and Organizational Performance: A Longitudinal Study, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 12, pp. 155-160.
- Shleifer, A. et Vishny R., (1989), Management entrenchment : The case of manager-specific investments, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 25, n° 1, pp123-139
- Shleifer A. et Vishny R., (1997), A survey of corporate governance, Journal of Finance, vol. 52, pp. 737 – 783.
- Thomas A., (2000), Econométrie des variables qualitatives, Dunod.
- Tuggle C., Sirmon D, Reutzel C., Bierman L., (2010), Commanding Board of Director Attention : Investigating How Organizational Performance and CEO Duality Affect Board Member’s Attention To Monitoring, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 31, pp. 946-968.
- Vance S., (1983), Corporate Leadership: Boards of Directors and Strategy, New York, McGraw-Hill.
- Weisbach M., (1988), Outside directors and CEO turnover, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 20, pp. 431–460.
- Westphal J., (1998), Board Games: How CEOs Adapt to Increases in Structural Board Independence fromManagement, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 43, n° 3, pp. 511-537
- Wirtz P., (2008), Les meilleures pratiques de gouvernance d’entreprise, La Découverte, Paris.
- Zajac E. et Westphal P., (1995), Who shall govern? CEO/board power, demographic similarity, and new director selection, Administrative Science Quarterly, n° 40, pp. 60-83.
- Zhang Y., (2008), Information Asymmetry and Dismissal of Newly Appointed CEOs, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 29, pp. 859–872.