Abstracts
Abstract
Interpreters are often anonymously and flimsily archived, given their subsidiary role in diplomatic exchanges. These fragmentary records pose problems for in-depth studies on ancient interpreters. Japanese monk Ennin’s (794-864) diary documenting his decade-long (838-847) China sojourn, however, provides a delightful contrast to this evidence limitation. Known for its authentic, detailed, and objective descriptions, it contains thirty-eight references to four Sillan (ancient Korean) interpreters, of whom one was an interpreting clerk affiliated with a prefecture in eastern coastal China. He was also Ennin’s longest-serving interpreter, from 839 through 847, having been documented twenty-three times. This interpreting functionary, Yu Sinǒn, worked in a regional office of a Sillan enclave and assisted visitors from Japan and Silla. His work, apart from language mediation, included liaising, trading, logistics and message go-betweens. As a civil servant, this Sillan interpreter was expected to be law-abiding. Yet in his mediating services for Ennin, he frequently flouted the legal limits. In the process, he was given monetary rewards, although later textual hints suggest that his mediation for the Japanese monks was primarily based on goodwill and friendship. The detailed descriptions in Ennin’s travelogue offer us first-hand information about an interpreting official’s infringements of the Tang Chinese laws. However, was it not exactly his official position, with easy access to institutional networks and legal bureaucracy, which enabled him to work around the loopholes? This case of an interpreter and his patron provides valuable evidence for the development of their initial professional ties and subsequent personal bonding. It also speaks of the arbitrary boundaries between interpreting officials and civilian interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges.
Keywords:
- Sillan interpreters,
- first-millennium East-Asian exchanges,
- 9th-century China interpreting,
- history of interpreting,
- foreign interpreters
Résumé
Les interprètes sont souvent anonymes ou ce qu’on en sait est mal documenté, notamment en raison de leur rôle accessoire dans les échanges diplomatiques. Les données fragmentaires auxquelles nous avons accès posent évidemment problème au moment de mener des études approfondies sur les interprètes d’autrefois. Le journal du moine japonais Ennin (794-864), dans lequel il décrit son séjour de près de dix ans en Chine (838-847), constitue une heureuse exception. Reconnu pour ses descriptions authentiques, détaillées et objectives, ce journal fait 38 fois référence à quatre interprètes de Silla (ancienne Corée). L’un de ceux-ci était un interprète rattaché à une sous-préfecture de la côte orientale de Chine, en plus d’avoir agi à titre d’interprète d’Ennin de 839 à 847. Ce dernier en fait mention à 23 occasions. Ce fonctionnaire interprète, Yu Sinǒn, travaillait dans le bureau régional d’une enclave de Silla et avait pour fonction de répondre aux besoins des visiteurs du Japon et de Silla. En plus d’agir à titre de médiateur linguistique, il agissait comme intermédiaire et messager, et remplissait des tâches liées au commerce et à la logistique. En tant que fonctionnaire, on attendait de lui qu’il respecte la loi. Pourtant, dans le cadre de ses services de médiation pour Ennin, il passait souvent outre les limites légales. Il était rémunéré pour son travail, quoique des textes ultérieurs suggèrent que la médiation pour les moines japonais se fondait avant tout sur la bonne volonté et l’amitié. Les descriptions détaillées contenues dans le récit de voyage d’Ennin constituent des sources d’information primaires sur les transgressions d’un interprète officiel sous les Tang. Par ailleurs, n’était-ce pas précisément grâce à cette fonction officielle qui lui donnait accès aux réseaux institutionnels et à la bureaucratie juridique, que l’interprète arrivait à déjouer le système ? Ce cas de figure d’un interprète et de son maître nous fournit des renseignements importants sur l’évolution de leur relation, d’abord professionnelle puis personnelle. Cela démontre également le caractère arbitraire des frontières entre interprètes officiels et civils dans le cadre des échanges en Asie de l’Est au cours du premier millénaire.
Mots-clés :
- interprètes sillais,
- échanges en Asie de l’Est au premier millénaire,
- interprétation en Chine au ixe siècle,
- histoire de l’interprétation,
- interprètes étrangers
Appendices
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