Abstracts
Abstract
The translation of psychological tests has become widespread as the globalization process has led to testing instruments designed in one country being applied in a different one relatively quickly, since it is less expensive and faster to adapt an existing instrument than to devise a new one in another culture. In order to provide a fully functional version of a test in a different language and culture, the whole cultural context within which a particular test is to be used must be considered, and it is not certain that this has always been the case. This review article explains the peculiarities of psychological tests as a genre and documents the process of translation which has traditionally been used. It is shown that while psychologists have increasingly become aware of the role of cultural context, they have mistakenly regarded this as an issue which is separate from the translation process. That concern for the cultural context is part and parcel of translation itself, is illustrated both in modern translation theory and in current translation practice.
Keywords:
- test translation,
- back translation,
- forward translation,
- translation equivalence,
- textual genre
Résumé
La traduction de tests psychologiques ne cesse de se développer, étant donné que la mondialisation favorise assez facilement l’application d’outils conçus pour un pays donné dans un autre. Il est également moins cher et plus rapide d’adapter un instrument déjà existant que d’en créer un nouveau. Afin de produire une version d’un test pleinement fonctionnelle dans une autre langue et une autre culture, le contexte culturel dans lequel il sera utilisé doit être pris en considération, ce qui n’a pas toujours été le cas. Cet article de revue a pour objectif d’expliquer les particularités des tests psychologiques en tant que genre textuel et de décrire le processus de traduction traditionnellement utilisé. Nous y tentons de démontrer que, bien que les psychologues soient de plus en plus conscients du rôle du contexte culturel, ils l’ont malheureusement trop souvent mis à l’écart du processus même de traduction. Or, les théories modernes de la traduction et la pratique sont la preuve que cette préoccupation pour le contexte culturel fait partie intégrante dudit processus.
Mots-clés :
- traduction de tests,
- rétrotraduction,
- traduction renversée,
- équivalence traductionnelle,
- genre textuel
Appendices
Bibliography
- Aera, apa and ncme (2008): Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington: American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association and National Council on Measurement in Education, and American Educational Research Association.
- Anastasi, Anne (1988): Psychological Testing. New York: Macmillan.
- Barbero garcía, María Isabel, Vila Abad, Enrique and Suárez Falcón, Juan Carlos (2006): Psicometría. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia.
- Barnwell, Katharine (1980): Introduction to Semantics and Translation. City: High Wycombe Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Binet, Alfred and Simon, Théodore (1954): La mesure du développement de l’intelligence chez les jeunes enfants. Publications de la Société Alfred Binet. Paris: Bourrelier.
- Bolaños Medina, Alicia (2012): Las pruebas psicométricas en la investigación empírica sobre los procesos cognitivos del traductor. In: Susana Cruces Colado, Ana Luna Alonso, Maribel del Pozo Triviño and Alberto Álvarez Lugrís, eds.: Traducir en la Frontera. Actas del IV Congreso de AIETI. Granada: Atrio, 469-482.
- Braun, Michael and Harkness, Janet A. (1997): Text and Context. Changes to Comparability in Survey Questions. In: Jürgen H. P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik and Janet A. Harkness, eds. Methodological Aspects in Cross-Cultural Research. Mannheim: ZUMA, 95-108.
- Brislin, Richard W. (1970): Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research. Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1:185-216.
- Bulmer, Michael (2003): Francis Galton: Pioneer of Heredity and Biometry. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Butcher, James N., Dahlstrom, W. Grant, Graham, John R.,et al. (1989): The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): Manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Candell, Gregory L. and Hulin, Charles L. (1986): Cross-Language and Cross-Cultural Comparisons in Scale Translations: Independent Sources of Information about Item Non-Equivalence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 17(4):417-440.
- Cronbach, Lee J. (1990): Essentials of Psychological Testing. New York: Harpercollins College Division.
- De Groot, Annette M. B. (1997): The Cognitive Study of Translation and Interpretation. In: Joseph Danks, Gregory Shreve, Stephen Fountain, et al., eds. Cognitive processes in Translation and Interpreting. London: Sage, 25-56.
- Drasgow, Fritz and Hulin, Charles L. (1990): Item Response Theory. In: Marvin D. Dunnette and Leaetta M. Hough, eds. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 577-636.
- ESS (European Social Survey) (2010): ESS Round 5 Translation Guidelines. Mannheim: European Social Survey GESIS.
- Gamero Pérez, Silvia (2001): La traducción de textos técnicos. Barcelona: Ariel.
- Gregory, Robert J. (2010): Psychological Testing: History, Principles and Applications. New York: Prentice Hall.
- Guillén, Félix, Feltz, Deborah, and Dithurbide, Lori (2010): The Refficacy Scale: A premilinary investigation to develop a referee efficacy scale. 2010 Conference Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology, Ottawa, Canada, 28-30 October. Unpublished communication.
- Haccoun, Robert R. (1987): Une nouvelle technique de vérification de l’équivalence de mesures psychologiques traduites. Revue québécoise de psychologie. 8(3):30-39.
- Hambleton, Ronald K. (1993): Translating Achievement Tests for Use in Cross-National Studies. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 9(1):57-68.
- Hambleton, Ronald K. (2005): Issues, Designs and Technical Guidelines for Adapting Tests into Multiple Languages and Cultures. In: Ronald K. Hambleton, Peter. F. Merenda and Charles D. Spielberger, eds. Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment. Mahwah/New Jersey/London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 3-38.
- Hambleton, Ronald K., Swaminathan, Hariharan and Rogers, Jane (1991): Fundamentals of Item Response Theory. Newbury Park: Sage.
- Harkness, Janet A. (2005): Translation Procedures and Translation Assessment. In: Axel Börsch-Supan and Hendrik Jürges, eds. The Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe – Methodology, 24-27. Visited on 15 September 2010, http://www.share-project.org.
- Harkness, Janet A. (2007): Improving the comparability of translations. In: Roger Jowell, Carolyn Roberts, Rory Fitzgerald, et al., eds. Measuring Attitudes Cross-Nationally: Lessons from the European Social Survey. Sage: Los Angeles, 79-93.
- Harkness, Janet A. and Schoua-Glusberg, Alicia (1998): Questionnaires in Translation. In: Janet A. Harkness, ed. ZUMA-Nachrichten Spezial No. 3. Cross-Cultural Survey Equivalence. Mannheim: ZUMA, 87-127.
- Harkness, Janet A., Van de Vijver, Fons J. R. and Mohler, Peter P., eds. (2003): Cross-Cultural Survey Methods. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
- Harkness, Janet A., Villar, Ana and Edwards, Brad (2010): Translation, Adaptation, and Design. In: Janet A. Harkness, Michael Braun, Brad Edwards,et al., eds. Survey Methods in Multinational, Multiregional, and Multicultural Contexts. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 117-140.
- Hatim, Basil and Mason, Ian (1990): Discourse and the Translator. London: Longman.
- Herdman, Michael, Fox-Rushby, Julia and Badia, Xavier (1998): A model of equivalence in the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instruments: the universalist approach. Quality of Life Research. 7:323-335.
- Higgins, Louise T. and Zheng, Mo (2002): An Introduction to Chinese Psychology. Its Historical Roots Until the Present Day. The Journal of Psychology. 136(2):225-239.
- Holz-Mänttäri, Justa (1984): Translatorisches Handeln: Theorie und Methode. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
- Hulin, Charles L. (1987): A Psychometric Theory of Evaluations of Item and Scale Translations: Fidelity Across Languages. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 18(2):115-142.
- Hulin, Charles L. and Mayer, Laura J. (1986): Psychometric equivalence of a translation of the Job Descriptive Index into Hebrew. Journal of Applied Psychology. 71(1):83-94.
- Jääskeläinen, Riitta (2000): Focus on Methodology in Think-aloud Studies on Translating. In: Sonja Tirkkonen-condit and Riitta Jääskeläinen, eds. Tapping and Mapping the Processes of Translation and Interpreting. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 71-81.
- Jääskeläinen, Riitta and Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja (1991): Automatised Processes in Professional vs. Non-Professional Translation: A Think-Aloud Protocol Study. In: Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit, ed. Empirical Research in Translation and Intercultural Studies. Tübingen: Narr, 89-109.
- Jackson, Charles (1996): Understanding Psychological Tests. Leicester: British Psychological Society.
- Jakobsen, Arnt L. (2006): Research Methods in Translation – Translog. In: Kirk Sullivan and Eva Lindgren, eds. Computer Keystroke Logging and Writing. Oxford/Amsterdam: Elsevier, 95-106.
- Kussmaul, Paul and Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja (1995): Think-Aloud Protocol Analysis in Translation Studies. TTR. 8(1):177-199.
- Lefevere, André (1985): Why Waste Our Time on Rewrites? The Trouble with Interpretation and the Role of Rewriting in an Alternative Paradigm. In:Theo Hermans, ed. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. Kent: Croon Helm, 215-243.
- LISA (LOCALISATION INDUSTRY STANDARDS ASSOCIATION) (2003): The Localisation Industry Primer. 2nd Edition. Visited on 30 September 2009, http://www.lisa.org.
- LISA (LOCALISATION INDUSTRY STANDARDS ASSOCIATION) (2004): LISA Best Practice Guide: Quality Assurance. The Client Perspective. Visited on 16 October 2010, http://www.lisa.org.
- LISA (LOCALISATION INDUSTRY STANDARDS ASSOCIATION) (2007): The Globalization Industry Primer. An Introduction to Preparing Your Business and Products for Success in International Markets. Visited on 30 September 2010, http://www.lisa.org.
- Magno, Carlo (2009): Taxonomy of Aptitude Test Items: A Guide for Item Writers. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment. 2:39-53.
- Marsella, Anthony J., Dubanoski, Joan, Hamada, Winter C., et al. (2000): The Measurement of Personality across Cultures: Historical, Conceptual and Methodological Issues and Considerations. American Behavioral Scientists. 44(1):41-62.
- Martín de león, Celia (forthcoming): Who cares if the cat is on the mat? Contributions of cognitive models of meaning to translation.In: Ana Rojo and Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano, eds. Cognitive Linguistics and Translation: Advances in Some Theoretical Models and Applications. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Maxwell, Beverley (1996): Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Survey Instruments (Chapter 8). In: Michael O. Martin and Dana L. Kelly, eds. Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Technical Report, Volume I: Design and Development. Chestnut Hill: Boston College, 1-10.
- Moreno rosset, Carmen, ed. (2005): Evaluación psicológica. Concepto, proceso y aplicación en las áreas de desarrollo y de la inteligencia. Madrid: Sanz y Torres.
- Muñiz, José and Fonseca-Pedrero, Eduardo (2009): Construcción de documentos de medida en Psicología. Focad (Formación continuada a distancia del Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Psicólogos). 1:22 p. Visited on 15 September 2009, http://www.cop.es/focad/.
- Muñiz, José and Hambleton, Ronald K. (1996): Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests. Papeles del Psicólogo. 66:63-70.
- Muñoz-Martín, Ricardo (2013): Cognitive and Psycholinguistic Approaches. In: Carmen Milán and Francesca Bartrina, eds. Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies. London/New York: Routledge, 252-267.
- Newmark, Peter (1981): Approaches to Translation. Oxford/New York: Pergamon.
- Nida, Eugene A. (1964): Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
- Nord, Christiane (1991): Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation-Oriented Text Analysis. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
- Nord, Christiane (1997): Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome.
- Osterlind, Steven J. (1997): Constructing Test Items: Multiple-Choice, Constructed-Response, Performance and Other Formats. Boston: Kluwer Academics Publishers.
- Pan, Yuling and de la Puente, Manuel (2005): Census Bureau Guideline for the Translation of Data Collection Instruments and Supporting Materials: Documentation on how the Guideline Was Developed. Washington: Statistical Research Division of the US Bureau of the Census.
- Prieto, Gerardo, Muñiz, José, Almeida, Leandro S., et al. (1999): Uso de los tests psicológicos en España, Portugal e Iberoamérica. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación psicológica. 8(2):67-82.
- Reiss, Katharina and Vermeer, Hans J. (1984): Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
- Risku, Hanna (2002): Situatedness in translation studies. Cognitive Systems Research. 3(3):523-533.
- Risku, Hanna (2004): Translationsmanagement: Interkultureelle Fachkommunikation im Informationszeitalter. Tübingen: Narr.
- Risku, Hanna (2010): A Cognitive Scientific View on Technical Communication and Translation. Do Embodiment and Situatedness Really Make a Difference? Target. 22(1):94-111.
- Schäffner, Christina (1998): Skopos Theory. In: Mona Baker, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London/New York: Routledge, 235-238.
- Short, Sandra E., Sullivan, Philip and Feltz, Deborah L. (2005): Development and Preliminary Validation of the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 9(3):181-202.
- Shreve, Gregory M. (1997): Cognition and the Evolution of Translation Competence. In: Joseph H. Danks, Gregory M. Shreve, Stephen B. Fountain, et al., eds. Cognitive Processes in Translation and Interpreting. London: Sage, 120-136.
- Shreve, Gregory M. and Diamond, Bruce J. (1997): Cognitive Processes: Critical Issues. In: Joseph H. Danks, Gregory M. Shreve, Stephen B. Fountain, et al., eds. Cognitive Processes in Translation and Interpreting. London: Sage, 233-251.
- Solano-flores, Guillermo, Contreras-niño, Luis Á. and Backoff-Escudero, Eduardo (2006): Translation and Adaptation of Tests: Learned Lessons and Recommendations for Participant Countries in TIMSS, PISA and other International Comparisons. Revista electrónica de investigación educativa. 8(2). Visited on 18 September 2009, http://redie.uabc.mx/vol8no2/contents-solano2.html.
- Swales, John M. (1990): Genre Analysis. English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Thorndike, Edward L. (1910): The contribution of psychology to education. Journal of Educational Psychology. 1:5-12.
- Tirkkonen-condit, Sonja (2000): Uncertainty in Translation Processes. In: Sonja Tirkkonen-condit and Riitta Jääskeläinen, eds. Tapping and Mapping the Processes of Translation and Interpreting. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 123-142.
- Vallerand, Robert J. (1989): Vers une méthodologie de validation transculturelle de questionnaires psychologiques: implications pour la recherche en langue française. Canadian Psychology. 30(4):662-680.
- Vallerand, Robert J., Blais, Marc R., Brière, Natalie M., et al. (1989): Construction et validation de l’Échelle de Motivation en Éducation (EME). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Sciences. 21:323-349.
- Vinay, Jean-Paul and Dalbernet, Jean (1958): Stylistique comparée du français et de l’anglais: Méthode de traduction. Paris: Didier.