Abstracts
Abstract
Editing of anime – Japanese cartoons – is a process through which the product is altered in order to make it appropriate for the public. Such a practice is quite common all over the Western world, and Italy is no exception. Japanese anime are not designed only for an audience of children, and there exist different types of products aimed at viewers of different ages; consequently, in Japan anime are shown at various time slots according to their characteristics. In Italy, on the contrary, cartoons are generally considered a product targeted exclusively at children, and even those anime which were originally designed for an older audience are broadcast during the protected time slot and therefore have to comply to certain standards regarding their content and the type of language spoken. Censorship thus tends to take place both on the visual and the verbal levels: scenes considered inappropriate are removed from the story, the plot is often changed, the text is frequently domesticated in its references to the Japanese culture, and the language is flattened. Italian translators take an active part in the editing of anime: as they are the first ones to actually see the episodes, they are supposed to report to their commissioners any ambiguous element they come across, and they perform (self)censorship on the verbal level, manipulating the dialogue exchanges as is expected by the translation company.
Keywords:
- anime,
- dubbing,
- censorship,
- manipulation,
- domestication
Résumé
Le contenu des anime – les dessins animés japonais – est transformé pour le rendre acceptable par le public. Cette pratique est utilisée fréquemment dans le monde occidental et l’Italie ne fait pas exception. Au Japon, les anime ne sont pas seulement conçus pour un public enfantin et l’on y trouve un grand nombre de produits destinés à des spectateurs d’âges variés. Par conséquent, dans ce pays, les anime sont diffusés, selon leur contenu, à des heures variables. Au contraire, en Italie, les dessins animés sont normalement perçus comme des produits destinés uniquement aux enfants. Ainsi, même lorsque les anime ont été au départ conçus pour un public d’âge plus mûr, ils sont diffusés dans des créneaux horaires protégés et doivent se soumettre à des normes précises de contenu et de niveau de langue. Les animes font donc l’objet d’une censure à la fois visuelle et verbale : les scènes que l’on considère inappropriées sont coupées, l’intrigue est souvent modifiée, les textes sont fréquemment « naturalisés », tout particulièrement les références à la culture japonaise, et le langage est standardisé. Les traducteurs italiens jouent un rôle actif dans la modification du contenu des animes : comme ils sont les premiers à visionner les épisodes, ils doivent rapporter à leurs employeurs tout élément ambigu. Ils assurent donc une censure (ou autocensure) de type verbal, en manipulant le dialogue en fonction des exigences de l’agence de traduction.
Mots-clés :
- anime,
- sous-titrage,
- censure,
- manipulation,
- naturalisation
Appendices
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