Abstracts
Abstract
Current contributions attempting to draw together translation studies and narratology are based almost exclusively on structuralist narratology, proceeding from the assumption that changes on the micro-level of the text will result in changes to the various narrative dimensions of the text, and will lead to a different configuration of the narrative communication situation in translated texts as compared to original works. However, it is argued in this paper that this approach, firstly, results in a conceptualisation of the narrative communication situation for the translated text that is particularly unwieldy and becomes even more so when considered in the context of translated children’s literature. Secondly, this approach does not take adequate cognisance of the role (or potential role) of the reader and the context, leaving both these aspects largely outside the process of analysis. Methodologically, it also means that narratological shifts in translation are mostly identified by means of comparative analysis, which, while useful, leaves the natural reading situation (where readers do not usually have access to the source text) out of consideration. Instead, this paper presents a preliminary and exploratory investigation of an alternative narratological framework that includes the reader as a constitutive component. The framework, based on the ideas of Bortolussi and Dixon (2003), proposes a two-part, interlocked conception of narratological elements: textual features and reader constructions. It is argued that such a framework provides a simultaneously simpler and more sophisticated means of understanding narrative communication in translated children’s literature. Firstly, translations and their source texts may be analysed comparatively in terms of their textual features, which may reveal the presence of the translator. However, the second dimension of the proposed framework posits that despite the fact that translation shifts effect changes in narrative features, child and adult readers’ responses to translated children’s texts do not necessarily and by default incorporate an awareness of the presence of an additional “voice” in the text, that of the translator. At this point the framework departs from standard narratological approaches to narrative communication in translated texts in proposing the necessity of investigating reader constructions rather than textual features alone.
Keywords:
- children’s literature,
- narratology,
- textual features,
- reader constructions,
- cognitive approaches
Résumé
Dans sa tentative de rapprocher la traductologie et la narratologie, la recherche actuelle se fonde presque exclusivement sur la narratologie structuraliste, en partant du principe que les changements opérés à un niveau micro du texte auront pour résultat de modifier les différentes dimensions narratives du texte, et mèneront à une différente configuration de la situation de communication narrative dans les textes traduits par rapport aux textes source. Cependant, le présent article soutient les thèses suivantes : premièrement, que cette approche a pour résultat une conceptualisation de la situation de communication narrative de la traduction qui est particulièrement difficile à manipuler et qui le devient encore plus dans le contexte de traduction de la littérature enfantine ; deuxièmement, qu’elle ne prend pas suffisamment en compte le rôle (ou rôle potentiel) du lecteur ni celui du contexte, laissant ainsi ces deux aspects en dehors du processus d’analyse. Méthodologiquement parlant, cela signifie aussi que les écarts narratologiques en traduction sont identifiés la plupart du temps grâce à une analyse comparative qui, bien qu’elle soit utile, ne prend pas en considération l’acte naturel de lecture (dans lequel les lecteurs n’ont généralement pas accès au texte source). En revanche, l’article fait la présentation de la recherche préliminaire et exploratoire pour une base narratologique différente, qui inclut le lecteur en tant qu’élément constitutif. Cette base théorique, fondée sur les idées de Bortolussi et Dixon (2003), suggère une conception des éléments narratologiques en deux parties intimement liées : les caractéristiques textuelles et la construction du sens par le lecteur. L’article soutient qu’une telle base théorique fournit un moyen à la fois plus simple et plus sophistiqué de comprendre la communication narrative en ce qui concerne la littérature enfantine traduite. En effet, dans un premier temps, les caractéristiques textuelles des traductions et leurs originaux peuvent être analysés comparativement, ce qui pourrait révéler la présence du traducteur. Cependant, la deuxième dimension de la base théorique présentée ici soutient que malgré les changements opérés par les écarts dans la traduction dans les caractéristiques narratives, la réaction des lecteurs, quel que soit leur âge, aux textes pour enfants traduits, n’implique pas forcément que ceux-ci soient conscients de la « voix » du traducteur dans le texte. C’est là que cette base théorique se différencie des approches narratologiques standard de la communication narrative pour les textes traduits, dans la mesure où il suggère qu’il est nécessaire d’étudier non seulement les caractéristiques textuelles, mais également la construction du sens par le lecteur.
Mots-clés :
- littérature enfantine,
- narratologie,
- caractéristiques textuelles,
- construction du sens,
- approches cognitives
Appendices
Bibliography
- Bal, Mieke (1990): The point of narratology. Poetics Today. 11(4):727-753.
- Beckett, Sandra L., ed. (1999): Transcending Boundaries: Writing for a Dual Audience of Children and Adults. New York: Garland.
- Bortolussi, Marisa and Dixon, Peter (2003): Psychonarratology: Foundations for the Empirical Study of Literary Response. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bosseaux, Charlotte (2004): Translating point of view: A corpus-based study. Language Matters. 35(1):259-274.
- Bosseaux, Charlotte (2007): How Does it feel? Point of View in Translation: The Case of Virginia Woolf into French. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
- Brooke-Rose, Christine (1990): Whatever happened to narratology? Poetics Today. 11(2):283-293.
- Chatman, Seymour (1978): Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Chatman, Seymour (1990): What can we learn from contextualist narratology? Poetics Today. 11(2):309-328.
- Fludernik, Monika (1993): The Fictions of Language and the Languages of Fiction: The Linguistic Representation of Speech and Consciousness. London: Routledge.
- Fludernik, Monika (1996): Towards a Natural Narratology. London: Routledge.
- Fludernik, Monika (2003a): The diachronization of narratology. Narrative. 11(3):331-348.
- Fludernik, Monika (2003b): Natural narratology and cognitive parameters. In: David Herman, ed. Narrative Theory and the Cognitive Sciences. Stanford: CISLI, 243-267.
- Fludernik, Monika and Richardson, Brian (2000): Bibliography of recent works on narrative. Style. 34(2):319-328.
- Genette, Gérard (1980): Narrative Discourse. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Genette, Gérard (1983): Nouveau discours du récit. Paris: Seuil.
- Genette, Gérard (1990): Narrative Discourse Revisited. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Grice, H. Paul (1975): Logic and Conversation. In: John P. Kimball, Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan, eds. Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, 41-58.
- Herman, David (1999): Introduction: Narratologies. In: David Herman, ed. Narratologies: New Perspectives on Narrative Analysis. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1-30.
- Herman, David (2003): Introduction. In: David Herman, ed. Narrative Theory and the Cognitive Sciences. Stanford: CSLI, 1-30.
- Hermans, Theo (1996): The translator’s voice in translated narrative. Target. 8(1):23-48.
- Jahn, Manfred (1997): Frames, preferences, and the reading of third-person narratives: Towards a cognitive narratology. Poetics Today. 18(4):441-468.
- Kindt, Tom and Müller, Hans-Harald (2003): Narrative theory and/or/as theory of interpretation. In: Tom Kindt and Hans-Harald Müller, eds. What is Narratology? Questions and Answers Regarding the Status of a Theory. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-219.
- Kindt, Tom and Müller, Hans-Harald (2006): The Implied Author: Concept and Controversy. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
- Klingberg, Göte (1986): Children’s Fiction in the Hands of the Translators. Lund: CWK Gleerup.
- Kruger, Jan-Louis (2001): Focalisation in the Translation/Rewriting of Narrative Texts: A.P. Brink’s Imaginings of sand/Sandkastele. Doctoral thesis, unpublished. Potchefstroom: Potchefstroom University.
- Kruger, Jan-Louis (2009): The Translation of Narrative Fiction: Impostulating the narrative origo. Perspectives: Studies in translatology. 17(1):15-32.
- Levenston, Edward A. and Sonnenschein, Gabriela (1986): The translation of point of view in fictional narrative. In: Juliane House and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, eds. Interlingual and Intercultural Communication: Discourse and Cognition in Translation and Second-language Acquisition Studies. Tübingen: Narr, 40-59.
- May, Rachel (1994): Where did the narrator go? Towards a grammar of translation. The Slavic and East European Journal. 38(1):33-46.
- Meister, Jan Christoph (2003): Narratology as discipline: A case for conceptual fundamentalism. In: Tom Kindt and Hans-Harald Müller, eds. What is Narratology? Questions and Answers Regarding the Status of a Theory. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 55-71.
- Nikolajeva, Maria (1996): Children’s Literature Comes of Age: Toward a New Aesthetic. New York: Garland.
- Nodelman, Perry (2008): The Hidden Adult: Defining Children’s Literature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Nünning, Ansgar (2003): Narratology or narratologies? Taking stock of recent developments, critique and modest proposals for future usages of the term. In: Tom Kindt and Hans-Harald Müller, eds. What is Narratology? Questions and Answers Regarding the Status of a Theory. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 239-275.
- Oittinen, Riita (2000): Translating for Children. New York: Garland.
- Oittinen, Riita (2006): No innocent act: On the ethics of translating for children. In: Jan van Coillie and Walter P. Verschueren, eds. Children’s Literature in Translation: Challenges and strategies. Manchester: St. Jerome, 35-45.
- O’Sullivan, Emer (2005): Comparative Children’s Literature. London: Routledge.
- O’Sullivan, Emer (2006): Narratology meets translation studies, or, the voice of the translator in children’s literature. In: Gillian Lathey, ed. The Translation of Children’s Literature: A reader. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 98-109.
- Prince, Gerald (2003): Surveying narratology. In: Tom Kindt and Hans-Harald Müller, eds. What is Narratology? Questions and Answers Regarding the Status of a Theory. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2-16.
- Richardson, Brian (1997): The other reader’s response: On multiple, divided, and oppositional audiences. Criticism. 39(1):31-53.
- Richardson, Brian (2000): Recent concepts of narrative and the narratives of narrative theory. Style. 34(2):168-175.
- Richardson, Brian (2006): Unnatural voices: Extreme narration in modern and contemporary fiction. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
- Richardson, Brian (2007): Singular text, multiple implied readers. Style. 41(3):259-274.
- Rigney, Ann (1992): The point of stories: On narrative communication and its cognitive functions. Poetics Today. 13(2):263-283.
- Ryan, Marie-Laure (1991): Possible Worlds, Artificial Intelligence, and Narrative Theory. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Ryan, Marie-Laure (2001a): Narrative as Virtual Reality: Immersion and interactivity in literature and electronic media. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Ryan, Marie-Laure (2001b): The narratorial functions: Breaking down a theoretical primitive. Narrative. 9(2):146-152.
- Schiavi, Giuliana (1996): There is always a teller in a tale. Target. 8(1):1-21.
- Segal, Erwin M. (1995): Narrative comprehension and the role of deictic shift theory. In: Judith F. Duchan, Gail A. Bruder and Lynne E. Hewitt, eds. Deixis in Narrative: A Cognitive Science Perspective. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum, 3-17.
- Stolt, Birgit (2006): How Emil becomes Michel: On the translation of children’s books. In: Gillian Lathey, ed. The Translation of Children’s Literature: A Reader. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 67-83.
- Van Leuven-Zwart, Kitty (1989): Translation and original: Similarities and dissimilarities I. Target. 1(2):151-181.
- Van Leuven-Zwart, Kitty (1990): Translation and original: Similarities and dissimilarities II. Target. 2(1):69-95.
- Venuti, Lawrence (1995): The Translator’s Invisibility: A history of translation. London: Routledge.
- Venuti, Lawrence (1998): The scandals of translation: Towards an ethics of difference. London: Routledge.
- Walsh, Richard (1997): Who is the narrator? Poetics Today. 18(4):495-513.
- Yamazaki, Akiko (2002): Why change names? On the translation of children’s books. Children’s Literature in Education. 33(1):53-62.