Abstracts
Abstract
Three major events marked medieval Norwegian literary production, style, and language: the introduction of Christianity, the Black Death, and the Reformation. Foreign material in translation was pivotal to the transition between the pagan Viking Era and the Christian Middle Ages and to the passage from Catholicism to Lutheranism in the 16th century. Lack of translation and literary production following the Black Death also had an impact.
Translation in a medieval and Renaissance context must be understood as transfer of knowledge, the crossing of linguistic and cultural borders. The translated texts helped introduce and consolidate the social conventions promoted by the new religion. The distinction between story and history faded. Religious and devotional material preceded the secular court literature from the French-speaking territories. Hagiographic material ran parallel to heroic tales: all genres helped illustrate the virtues of Christian life and social organization and needed only minor adaptation for a Norse audience. The pagan literary conventions blended with those of the imported material and resulted in a distinct Norse literary style.
The systematic encounter with other gave rise to a new perception of self. The largely anonymous translators contributed to the inclusion of other in self, to the assimilation of foreign cultural values and concepts.
Keywords/Mots-clés:
- Middle Ages,
- reformation,
- 16th century,
- literary translation,
- Norway
Résumé
La production, le style, et les conventions littéraires de la Norvège médiévale ont été formés par trois événements majeurs : l’introduction du christianisme, la Peste noire, et la Réforme. Les textes importés ont été essentiels à la transition entre le temps des Vikings et le Moyen Âge chrétien ainsi qu’au passage vers la fois protestante du xvie siècle. L’absence de production littéraire et de traduction à la suite de la Peste noire a aussi eu un effet non négligeable.
Le terme traduction comprend, dans un contexte médiéval, le transfert des connaissances et le passage des frontières linguistiques et culturelles. Les textes importés ont facilité l’introduction, la dissémination, et le maintien de la foi chrétienne. La distinction entre conte et histoire s’est en quelque sorte effacée. Le matériel religieux et didactique a précédé les textes séculaires en provenance des cours des territoires francophones. Les hagiographies ont vécu en parallèle avec les récits chevaleresques et héroïques. Tous les genres ont illustré les vertus de la foi et de la société chrétienne et n’ont eu besoin que de modifications mineures pour plaire à l’audience norvégienne. Les conventions littéraires traditionnelles ont rejoint les conventions importées pour engendrer un style courtois norrois typique.
Le rencontre systématique avec l’autre a rendu la perception de soi plus aiguë. Les traducteurs, restés pour la plupart anonymes, ont largement contribué à l’assimilation des valeurs nouvelles venant de l’étranger.
Appendices
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