Abstracts
Abstract
Sociolinguistic research on varieties of language and language variation along with the necessity for meeting “equivalence” in terms of the appropriateness of the variety to the context have been well recognized in the formulation of a translation theory (Catford 1965, Crystal 1981, Newmark 1981 & 1988, and Mason 1990 among many others). However, the treatment of variation has always been restricted to “dialect” and has not encompassed the notion of diglossia. The delineation of equivalence in diglossic languages still begs for more questions than answers especially in literary translation where there is a continuous shift from one variety to another depending on the portrayal of characters and their interaction.
Keywords/Mots-clés:
- arabic,
- diglossia,
- literary translation,
- translation theory,
- equivalence
Résumé
La recherche sociolinguistique sur les variétés de langues avec la nécessité d’obtenir une équivalence en vertu de l’appropriation de la variété en contexte a été reconnue dans l’élaboration de la théorie de la traduction (Catford 1965, Crystal 1981, Newmark 1981 et 1988, Mason 1990). Cependant, le traitement de la variation a toujours été limité au dialecte et n’avait pas cerné la notion de diglossie. La trace d’équivalence sur les langues diglossiques suscite davantage de questions que de réponses, particulièrement dans la traduction littéraire où apparaît un transfert continu d’une variété à une autre qui dépend de la description des caractères et de leurs interactions.
Appendices
References
- Abu-Melhim, A. A. (1991): “Code Switching and Linguistic Accommodation in Arabic,” Perspective on Arabic Linguistics Lll, p. 231-250.
- Bentahila, A. and E. E. Davies (1983): “The Syntax of Arabic-French Code Switching,” Lingua 59, p. 301-330.
- Catford, J. (1965): Linguistic Theory of Translation, London, Oxford University Press.
- Crystal, D. (1981): Directions in Applied Linguistics, London, Academic Press.
- Dicky, J. (1994) “La Pluriglossia De L’Arabe,” Bulletin d’Etudes Orientales 46, p. 19-42.
- Dijk, T. V. (1972): Some Aspects of Text Grammar: A Study of Theoretical Linguistics and Poetics, The Hague, Mouton.
- Ferguson, C. A. (1959): “Diglossia,” Word 15, p. 325-40.
- Fishman, J. (1972): The Sociology of Language, New York, Newbury House.
- Gumperz, J. (1962): “Types of Linguistic Communities,” Anthropological Linguistics 4:1, p. 28-40.
- Gumperz, J. (1977): “The Speech Community,” in Pier Giglio, ed., Language and Social Context. New York, Penguin Books.
- Hatim, B. and I. Mason (1991): Discourse and the Translator, London, Longman.
- Hymes, Dell (1965): “Prolegomena to a Theory of Communicative Competence,” National Council of Teachers of English.
- Joos, M. (1961): The Five Clocks, New York, Harcourt, Brace and World.
- Kachru, Y. (1982): “Towards defining the Notion ‘equivalence’ in Contrastive Analysis,” TESL 2, 4, p. 51-59.
- Kallas, E. (1994) : “Arabphones on Araboscribes?” Annali di Ca’ Foscari 33ll, Serie Orientali 25, p. 77-96.
- Kaye, A. (1994): “Formal vs. Informal in Arabic: Diglossia, Triglossia, Tetraglossia, etc. Polyglossia-Multiglossia Viewed as a Continuum,” Zeitschrift fuer Arabische Linguistik. 27, 47-60.
- Krumbacher, K. (1902): Das Problem der Modern Griechishen Schriftsprache, Munich.
- Meiseless, G. (1980): “Educated Spoken Arabic in the Arabic Language Continuum” Archivum Linguisticum. ll, p. 118-147.
- Newmark, P. (1981): Approaches to Translation, Oxford, Pergamon.
- Newmark, P. (1988): A Textbook of Translation, London, Prenice Hall.
- Nida, E. (1964): Toward a Science of Translating, Leiden, E. J. Brill.
- Nida, E. and C. Taber (1969): The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden, E.J. Brill.
- Sager, J. (1993): “Machine Translation in Europe,” The Encyclopedia of language and Linguistics, Oxford, Elsevier Science.
- Sa’id, N. (1980): The History of the Call for the Use of Colloquial Arabic and Its Ramifications in Egypt (In Arabic) Cairo: Daar Al-ma9aarif.
- Zughoul, M. R. (1980): “Diglossia in Arabic: Investigating Solutions,” Anthropological Linguistics, 22, 5, p. 201-17.
- Zughoul, M. R. (2001): “The Language of Higher Education in Jordan: Conflicts, Challenges and Innovative Accommodation” To appear in R. G. Sultana (ed.) Challenges and Change in the Euro-Mediterranean Region: Case Studies in Educational Innovation. New York: Peter Lang.
- Zughoul, M. R. (2001): “Diglossia in Arabic in the Context of Language Learning” in K. Sha’ban (ed.) Language in Education in Lebanon. Beirut: Unesco.