Abstracts
Abstract
In 1940, Virginia Woolf blamed the printing press for killing the oral tradition that had promoted authorial anonymity: “Anon is dead,” she pronounced. Scholarship on the printed word has abundantly recognized that, far from being dead, Anon remained very much alive in Britain through the end of the nineteenth century. Even in the twentieth century, Anon lived on, among particular groups and particular genres, yet little scholarship has addressed this endurance. Here, after defining anonymity and sketching its history in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, I offer three findings. First, women had less need for anonymity as they gained civil protections elsewhere, but anonymity still appealed to writers made vulnerable by their marginalized identities or risky views. Second, in the early twentieth century the genre most likely to go unsigned was autobiography, in all its forms. Third, on rare occasions, which I enumerate, strict anonymity achieves what pseudonymity cannot. I conclude by suggesting that among British modernist authors, the decline of practiced anonymity stimulated desired anonymity and the prizing of anonymity as an aesthetic ideal.
Résumé
En 1940, Virginia Woolf écrivait « Anon est mort », et attribuait la disparition de l’anonymat de l’auteur qu’avait favorisé la tradition orale à l’apparition de l’imprimerie. La recherche portant sur l’oeuvre imprimée indique au contraire qu’Anon était encore bien vivant en Angleterre à la fin du xixe siècle. On le retrouve même au xxe siècle, chez certains groupes ou dans certains genres littéraires. Or cette persistance n’a fait l’objet que de peu d’études. Après avoir défini le concept d’anonymat et évoqué la manière dont il se déployait à la fin du xixe siècle et au début du xxe, j’aborderai trois constats que mes travaux m’ont permis de faire. Premièrement, les femmes ont moins recours à l’anonymat dès lors que leur statut juridique s’améliore dans d’autres sphères; l’anonymat reste néanmoins courant parmi les auteurs juridiquement vulnérables du fait de leur appartenance à un groupe marginalisé ou de leurs opinions transgressives. Deuxièmement, au début du xxe siècle, le genre pour lequel l’usage de l’anonymat est le plus répandu est l’autobiographie, quelle que soit sa forme. Troisièmement, en de rares circonstances, que j’énumérerai, l’usage de l’anonymat permet plus que celui d’un pseudonyme. Enfin, je suggérerai que le déclin de l’usage de l’anonymat a suscité le désir d'être anonyme chez les auteurs modernes britanniques, et l'idéalisation esthétique de l'anonymat en littérature.
Appendices
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