Abstracts
Abstract
An “iconic book” is a text revered primarily as an object of power rather than just as words of instruction, information, or insight. The emerging study of iconic books and texts draws especially on comparative scriptures studies (e.g. Graham, Watts) and icon theory (e.g. Brown, Parmenter) to develop frameworks for understanding the ritual production, display, and manipulation of material texts. People usually assume that books and other kinds of texts gain iconic status secondarily, after their semantic contents gain influence and prestige. That assumption is called into question by the study of the form and functions of ancient Near Eastern texts, many of which were created for iconic use. Iconic ritualization was also a key factor in creating the first Western scripture, the Jewish Torah. It narrates the gift of divinely written tablets to Moses, tablets that are never read but rather enshrined in a book reliquary (the Ark of the Covenant) that represents God’s presence with Israel. Simultaneously, Moses writes scrolls of Torah (law or instruction) that accompany the Ark of the Covenant, report on the tablets’ origins and contents, among other things, and must be read aloud regularly to the entire people of Israel. Jewish tradition soon came to regard the Torah, too, as written in heaven. In this way, iconic display joined ritualized performance and semantic interpretation as engines for scripturalizing Torah in antiquity as well as the Bibles that incorporated it in later periods.
Résumé
Un « livre iconique » est un ouvrage qui est d’abord célébré en tant qu’objet de pouvoir plutôt que comme un simple texte véhiculant une marche à suivre, de l’information ou quelque réflexion. Le champ en émergence de l’étude des livres et des textes iconiques puise principalement aux études religieuses comparées (p. ex. Graham, Watts) et à la théorie des icônes (p. ex. Brown, Parmenter) dans l’élaboration de cadres qui permettent de comprendre la dimension rituelle de la production, de la présentation et de l’usage de textes matériels. On tient généralement pour acquis que les livres et autres textes se voient conférer un statut iconique dans un deuxième temps, après que leur contenu sémantique eut gagné en influence et en prestige. Cette perception mérite d’être réexaminée à la lumière de l’étude de la forme et des fonctions de textes anciens en provenance du Proche-Orient, plusieurs desquels furent créés précisément pour servir d’icônes. La ritualisation iconique fut aussi un élément central dans la création des premières Écritures occidentales, soit la Torah juive. Cette dernière relate le don divin, à Moïse, de tables qui ne sont jamais lues mais sont plutôt consignées à un reliquaire (l’Arche d’Alliance) représentant la présence de Dieu au milieu d’Israël. Moïse, cependant, écrit les rouleaux de la Torah (la loi), qui coexistent avec l’Arche d’Alliance, expliquent entre autres choses l’origine des tables et leur contenu, et doivent être lus à voix haute fréquemment à tout le peuple d’Israël. Bientôt, la tradition juive en vint à considérer que la Torah avait elle aussi une origine divine. C’est donc dire que la présentation iconique est associée à une performance ritualisée et à une interprétation sémantique qui participèrent à la scripturalisation de la Torah dans l’Antiquité, mais aussi à celle des Bibles qui l’incorporèrent ultérieurement.
Appendices
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