Abstracts
Résumé
L’article présente une analyse historique des tensions et contradictions apparentes du rapport historique entre les fondations américaines et les mouvements sociaux, tout en proposant un cadre permettant de comprendre les différents rôles endossés par les fondations pour promouvoir les objectifs de ces mouvements. L’analyse, qui cherche à définir un cadre conceptuel et historique plutôt qu’à mesurer l’incidence du soutien des fondations, retrace les virages opérés dans la répartition globale de leur financement – et dans le rapport entre les mouvements et la philanthropie organisée – en trois points de jonction décisifs de la stratégie des mouvements sociaux. Le deuxième de ces points de jonction, celui des années 1960, a marqué un tournant majeur en incitant les fondations à donner un soutien plus important et plus visible aux objectifs des mouvements sociaux. En adoptant une perspective historique globale, le texte propose un examen en profondeur de ces grands virages et de la culture politique dans laquelle ils s’insèrent, face aux demandes des organisations de droits civiques, féministes et syndicales, de même qu’aux mesures gouvernementales de promotion sociale et d’égalité économique.
Abstract
This paper analyses the tensions and contradictions that have developed over time in the historical relationship between U.S. foundations and social movements, while proposing a framework for understanding the different roles that foundations assume in promoting the objectives of these movements. The analysis, which seeks to define a conceptual and historical framework rather than measure the impact of the foundations’ support, reviews the changes made in the overall distribution of their funding — and in the relationship between the movements and organized philanthropy — at three decisive junctures in the strategy of the social movements. The second of the three junctures, in the 1960s, marked a major turning point that prompted foundations to afford greater, more visible support to the social movements’ objectives. In taking an overall historical perspective, the author provides an in-depth examination of these major turning points and the political culture in which they occurred, against a backdrop of demands from civil rights, feminist and trade union organizations, and government initiatives to promote social advancement and economic equality.
Appendices
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