Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article propose une conceptualisation alternative de l’entrepreneuriat culturel. Partant d’une étude qualitative par entretiens semi-dirigés menée dans l’industrie musicale de minorités linguistiques, il offre un modèle inscrit dans la perspective de la pratique, qui tient compte de la relation mutuellement constitutive entre le contexte et les pratiques entrepreneuriales. Ce modèle émerge des histoires de 35 entrepreneurs musicaux. Il invite à observer les pratiques telles qu’elles répondent aux tensions induites par un contexte social, entre la création musicale et la subsistance, par exemple, et telles qu’elles transforment ce contexte. Il a conduit à identifier 14 pratiques qui permettent aux entrepreneurs d’assurer la viabilité de la création et de la production de musique vocale dans leur langue. En révélant la logique relationnelle qui sous-tend l’émergence de ces pratiques, l’article rejoint les efforts de théorisation de l’entrepreneuriat culturel. Il élargit et diversifie aussi nos connaissances de cet entrepreneuriat en dévoilant des pratiques informelles déployées dans des contextes sociaux marginaux. Comprendre ces pratiques peut s’avérer utile à tout organisme ou toute personne en position de soutenir les entrepreneurs culturels de ces contextes.
Mots-clés:
- Entrepreneuriat culturel,
- Perspective de la pratique,
- Industrie de la musique,
- Minorités linguistiques,
- Contextes sociaux marginaux
Abstract
This article proposes an alternative conceptualization of cultural entrepreneurship. Based on a semi-structured interview study conducted in the music industry of linguistic minorities, it offers a model in line with the practice perspective, that considers the mutually constitutive relationship between the context and the entrepreneurial practices. This model emerges from the stories of 35 musical entrepreneurs. It invites to pay attention to the practices as they answer tensions induced by the context, between musical creation and subsistence, for example, and as they transform this context. It led to identifying 14 practices that allow entrepreneurs to ensure the viability of creating and producing vocal music in their language. In revealing the relational logic underlying the emergence of these practices, the article contributes to the efforts undertaken for theorizing cultural entrepreneurship. It expands and diversifies knowledge on this entrepreneurship by unveiling informal practices implemented in marginal social contexts. Understanding these practices may be relevant for any person or organization able to support cultural entrepreneurs from these contexts.
Keywords:
- Cultural entrepreneurship,
- Practice perspective,
- Music industry,
- Linguistic minorities,
- Marginal social contexts
Resumen
Este artículo propone una conceptualización alternativa del emprendimiento cultural. Se basa en una investigación cualitativa realizada por entrevistas semiestructuradas conducidas dentro de la industria de la música de minorías lingüísticas. Ofrece un modelo desde la perspectiva de la práctica, que toma en cuenta la relación constitutiva entre el contexto y las prácticas empresariales. Este modelo surge de las historias de 35 emprendedores musicales. Observamos las prácticas a medida que responden a las tensiones inducidas por el contexto social, entre la creación musical y la subsistencia, por ejemplo, y como las tensiones transforman este contexto. El articulo condujo a identificar 14 prácticas que permiten a los emprendedores asegurar la viabilidad de crear y producir música vocal en su propio idioma. Se une también a los esfuerzos de teorización del emprendimiento cultural revelando la lógica relacional que subyace el surgimiento de sus prácticas. Amplia y diversifica nuestros conocimientos sobre este tipo de emprendimiento, revelando prácticas informales desplegadas en contextos sociales marginales. Realzar estas prácticas puede ser útil para todos los organismos en posición de apoyar a emprendedores culturales en dichos contextos.
Palabras clave:
- Emprendimiento cultural,
- Perspectiva desde la práctica,
- Industria de la música,
- Minorías lingüísticas,
- Contextos sociales marginales
Appendices
Références
- Alacovska, A. (2018). Informal creative labour practices : a relational work perspective. Human Relations, 71(12), 1563-1589.
- Alacovska, A. et Bissonnette, J. (2019). Care-ful work : an ethics of care approach to contingent labour in the creative industries. Journal of Business Ethics. Récupéré le 2 septembre 2020 sur le site : doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04316-3.
- Andres, L. et Round, J. (2015). The creative economy in a context of transition : a review of the mechanisms of micro-resilience. Cities, 45, 1-6.
- Baker, T. et Nelson, R.E. (2005). Creating something from nothing : resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 329-366.
- Banks, M. (2006). Moral economy and cultural work. Sociology, 40(3), 455-472.
- Banks, M. et Hesmondhalgh, D. (2009). Looking for work in creative industries policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 15(4), 415-430.
- Bissonnette, J. et Arcand, S. (2018). Music entrepreneurs in a linguistic minority context : effectuation as adaptation to the paradoxes of digital technologies. Artivate : A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, 7(1), 3-22.
- Boucher, J.L. et Thériault, J.Y. (2005). Petites sociétés et minorités nationales. Enjeux politiques et perspectives comparées. Montréal, Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Cardinal, L. et Forgues, E. (2015). Gouvernance communautaire et innovations au sein de la francophonie néobrunswickoise et ontarienne. Québec, Presses de l’Université Laval.
- Caves, R. (2000). Creative industries : contracts between art and commerce. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
- Champenois, C., Lefebvre, V. et Ronteau, S. (2019). Entrepreneurship as practice : systematic literature review of a nascent field. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development. Récupéré le 2 septembre 2020 sur le site : https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641975.
- Corbeil, J.P. (2017). Le français, l’anglais et les minorités de langue officielle au Canada. Recensement en bref. Récupéré le 3 janvier 2020 sur le site : https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016011/98-200-x2016011-fra.cfm.
- Corbin, J. et Strauss, J. (2008). Basics of qualitative research : techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
- Coulson, S. (2012). Collaborating in a competitive world : musicians’ working lives and understandings of entrepreneurship. Work, Employment and Society, 26(2), 246-261.
- DiMaggio, P. (1982). Cultural entrepreneurship in nineteenth century Boston : the creation of an organization base for high culture in America. Media, Culture and Society, 4, 33-50.
- Eikhof, D.R. et Haunschild, A. (2006). Lifestyle meets market : bohemian entrepreneurs in creative industries. Creativity and Innovation Management, 15(3), 234-241.
- Ellmeier, A. (2003). Cultural entrepreneurialism : on the changing relationship between the arts, culture and employment. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 9(1), 3-16.
- Emin, S. et Guibert, G. (2017). Complexité et auto-organisation en entrepreneuriat collectif : analyse d’une scène musicale locale. Revue internationale PME, 30(2), 87-113.
- Enhuber, M. (2014). How is Damien Hirst a cultural entrepreneur ? Artivate : A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, 3(2), 3-20.
- Feldman, M.S. et Orlikowski, W.J. (2011). Theorizing practice and practicing theory. Organization Science, 22(5), 1240-1253.
- Fleischmann, K., Daniel, R. et Welters, R. (2017). Developing a regional economy through creative industries : innovation capacity in a regional australian city. Creative Industries Journal, 10(2), 119-138.
- Flyvbjerg, B. (2001). Making social science matter. Why social inquiry fails and how it can succeed again. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- Gartner, W.B. (1988). « Who is an entrepreneur ? » is the wrong question. American Journal of Small Business, 12(4), 11-32.
- Gartner, W.B. (1993). Words lead to deeds : towards an organizational emergence vocabulary. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(3), 231-239.
- Gartner, W.B. (2010). A new path to the waterfall : a narrative on a use of entrepreneurial narrative. International Small Business Journal, 28, 6-19.
- Garud, R., Gehman, J. et Giuliani, A.P. (2014). Contextualizing entrepreneurial innovation : a narrative perspective. Research Policy, 43, 1177-1188.
- Giddens, A. (1984). The Constitution of society. Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley/Los Angeles, University of California Press.
- Grandadam, D., Cohendet, P. et Simon, L. (2013). Places, spaces and the dynamics of creativity : the video game industry in Montreal. Regional Studies, 47(10), 1701-1714.
- Grenier, L. (1997). « Je me souviens »… en chansons : articulations de la citoyenneté culturelle et de l’identitaire dans le champ musical au Québec. Sociologie et sociétés, 29(2), 31-47.
- Grodach, C. (2011). Art spaces in community and economic development : connections to neighborhoods, artists, and the cultural economy. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 31(1), 74-85.
- Harvey, D.C., Hawkins, H. et Thomas, N.J. (2012). Thinking creative clusters beyond the city : people, places and networks. Geoforum, 43(3), 529-539.
- Hausmann, A. et Heinze, A. (2016). Entrepreneurship in the cultural and creative industries : insights from an emergent field. Artivate : A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, 5(2), 7-22.
- Hjorth, D. (2007). Narrating the entrepreneurial event : learning from Shakespeare’s iago. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(5), 712-732.
- Hjorth, D., Endrissat, N. et Noppeney, C. (2017). Editorial epilogue : Daniel Hjorth in conversation with Nada Endrissat and Claus Noppeney. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 9(3), 299-313.
- Hjorth, D., Holt, R. et Steyaert, C. (2015). Entrepreneurship and process studies. International Small Business Journal, 33(6), 599-611.
- Hook, P. (2012). Unknown pleasures : inside joy division. New York, Simon & Schuster.
- Houle, R. et Corbeil, J.P. (2017). Projections linguistiques pour le Canada, 2011-2036. Ottawa, Statistique Canada.
- Idescat (2013). Anuari estadístic de Catalunya. Població. Províncies. Récupéré le 4 juin 2019 sur le site : www.idescat.cat/pub/?id=aec.
- Johannisson, B. (2011). Towards a practice theory of entrepreneuring. Small Business Economics, 36(2), 135-150.
- Jones, C., Svejenova, S., Strandgaard Pedersen, J. et Townley, B. (2016). Misfits, mavericks and mainstreams : drivers of innovation in the creative industries. Organization Studies, 37(6), 751-768.
- Klamer, A. (2011). Cultural entrepreneurship. The Review of Austrian Economics, 24(2), 141-156.
- Landry, R., Forgues, E. et Traisnel, C. (2010). Autonomie culturelle, gouvernance et communautés francophones en situation minoritaire au Canada. Politique et Sociétés, 29(1), 91-114.
- Langley, A. (1997). L’étude des processus stratégiques : défis conceptuels et analytiques. Management international, 2(1), 37-50.
- Langley, A. et Tsoukas, H. (2010). Introducing « perspectives on process organization studies ». Dans T. Hernes et S. Maitlis (dir.), Process, sensemaking & organizing (p. 1-26). Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- Leadbeater, C. et Oakley, K. (1999). The Independents. Londres, Demos.
- Loacker, B. (2012). Becoming « culturpreneur » : how the « neoliberal regime of truth » affects and redefines artistic subject positions. Culture and Organization, 19(2), 124-145.
- McRobbie, A. (2002). Clubs to companies : notes on the decline of political culture in speeded up creative worlds. Cultural Studies, 16(4), 516-531.
- Naudin, A. (2017). Cultural entrepreneurship. Londres, Routledge.
- Nayak, A. et Chia, R. (2011). Thinking becoming and emergence : process philosophy and organization studies. Dans H. Tsoukas et R. Chia (dir.), Philosophy and organization theory (p. 281-309). Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- Neff, G., Wissinger, E. et Zukin, S. (2005). Entrepreneurial labor among cultural producers : « cool » jobs in « hot » industries. Social Semiotics, 15(3), 307-333.
- Orlikowski, W. (2002). Knowing in practice : enacting a collective capability in distributed organizing. Organization Science, 13(3), 249-273.
- Patten, T. (2016). « Creative ? »… « Entrepreneur ? » – understanding the creative industries entrepreneur. Artivate : A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, 5(2), 23-42.
- Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Newbury Park, Sage Publications.
- Preece, S.B. (2014). Social bricolage in arts entrepreneurship : building a jazz society from scratch. Artivate : A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, 3(1), 23-34.
- Rae, D. (2005). Cultural diffusion : a formative process in creative entrepreneurship ? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 6(3), 185-192.
- Reckwitz, A. (2002). Toward a theory of social practices : a development in culturalist theorizing. European Journal of Social Theory, 5(2), 243-263.
- Rouleau, L. et Balogun, J. (2011). Middle managers, strategic sensemaking, and discursive competence. Journal of Management Studies, 48(5), 953-983.
- Samdanis, M. et Lee, S.H. (2019). Access inequalities in the artistic labour market in the UK : a critical discourse analysis of precariousness. European Management Review, 16(4), 887-907.
- Schatzki, T.R., Knorr-Cetina, K. et von Savigny, E. (2001). The practice turn in contemporary theory. Londres, Routledge.
- Seca, J.-M. (2001). Les Musiciens underground. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France.
- Steyaert, C. (1997). A qualitative methodology for process studies of entrepreneurship : creating local knowledge through stories. International Studies of Management & Organization, 27(3), 13-33.
- Steyaert, C. (2007). « Entrepreneuring » as a conceptual attractor ? A review of process theories in 20 years of entrepreneurship studies. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development : An International Journal, 19(6), 453-477.
- Swedberg, R. (2006). The cultural entrepreneur and the creative industries : beginning in Vienna. Journal of Cultural Economics, 30(4), 243-261.
- Thériault, J.Y. (2007). Faire société : société civile et espaces francophones. Ottawa, Éditions Prise de parole.
- Tremblay, T. (2009). Harnessing cultural and human capital for economic sustainability : a New Brunswick model. Journal of Enterprising Communities, 3(4), 369-377.
- Tresserras Gaju, J.M. (2013). Catalunya i la mundialització : nous reptes per a la llengua i la cultura. Dans J. Albareda (dir.), Catalunya, nació d’Europa. 1714-2014 (p. 766-789). Barcelone, Enciclopèdia Catalana.
- Wilson, N.C. et Stokes, D. (2005). Managing creativity and innovation. The challenge for cultural entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(3), 366-378.
- Woong, J.C. et Wyszomirski, M. (2015). What is arts entrepreneurship ? Tracking the development of its definition in scholarly journals. Artivate : A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, 4(2), 11-31.
- Zamorano, M.M. et Rius-Ulldemolins, J. (2016). La política cultural exterior en el estado español. De la diplomacia cultural al branding de la marca país. Dans J. Rius-Ulldemolins et J.A. Rubio Arostegui (dir.), Treinta años de políticas culturales en España (p. 393-419). Valence, Universitat de Valencia.