Abstracts
Résumé
La coopétition est une stratégie porteuse de performances et de risques pour les entreprises. Ceci est également vrai pour les petites entreprises (PE). Les recherches antérieures montrent qu’elles peuvent bénéficier de la coopétition, mais qu’elle se traduit par des tensions et des conflits destructeurs de valeur. La coopétition doit donc être managée pour être performante. Les recherches antérieures ont mis en évidence le management interne de la coopétition en PE, mais pas les dispositifs interorganisationnels. Un cadre théorique fondé sur la loi proxémique a donc été développé, comportant quatre points fondamentaux : les PE en coopétition forment une communauté séparée des autres compétiteurs par un phénomène de paroi ; les PE en coopétition développent un fort sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté ; il y a une hiérarchie des membres à l’intérieur du réseau coopétitif ; la paroi de la communauté coopétitive n’est pas totalement hermétique, car il y a des portes d’entrée et de sortie. La pertinence du cadre théorique est évaluée en étudiant les PE de l’industrie des agences immobilières en France. Les résultats montrent tout l’intérêt de la coopétition pour les PE et que les quatre traits caractéristiques de la coopétition en PE sont bien présents.
Mots-clés :
- Coopétition,
- Spécificités des PE,
- Dirigeant-propriétaire,
- Loi proxémique,
- Agences immobilières
Abstract
Coopetition is a strategy that brings performance and potential risks to firms. This is also true for small business. Indeed, on the one hand, past researches show that small business can highly benefit from coopetition. On the other hand, coopetition carries tensions and conflicts destructing value. Consequently, coopetition in small business has to be efficiently managed to perform well. Past researches has focused on methods of intern management of coopetition in small business but not on inter-organizational devices. In so doing, we develop a theoretical framework based on the Proximity Law, in which four elements are essential: small businesses in coopetition form a community separated from the rest of competitors by a wall phenomenon; small businesses in coopetition develop a high sense of belonging to the community ; there is a hierarchization of the members inside the coopetitive network ; the wall of the coopetitive community is not totally hermetic because there are entry and exit doors. The relevance of this theoretical framework is evaluated by studying small businesses in the real estate brokerage industry in France. This research shows the relevance of coopetition strategies in small business and that the four main characteristics of coopetition in small business are present.
Keywords:
- Coopetition,
- Specificities of small business,
- Owner-managers,
- Proximity law,
- Real estate agencies
Resumen
Coopetición es una estrategia que reúne el rendimiento y los riesgos potenciales para las empresas. Esto también es válido para las pequeñas empresas. Primero, las investigaciones anteriores muestran que las pequeñas empresas altamente pueden beneficiarse de la cooperación competitiva. Segundo, la coopetición conlleva tensiones y conflictos valor destructoras. En consecuencia, la coopetición en las pequeñas empresas tienen que ser manejado de manera eficiente para un buen desempeño. Investigaciones anteriores se han enfocado en los métodos de gestión interno de la coopetición en las pequeñas empresas. Nunca se han estudiado los dispositivos inter-organizacionales. De este modo, se desarrolla un marco teórico basado en la Ley Proxémica. En este marco teórico, cuatro elementos son esenciales: pequeñas empresas en coopetición forman una comunidad separada de otros competidores por un fenómeno de pared; pequeñas empresas en coopetición desarrollan un fuerte sentido de pertenencia a la comunidad; existe una jerarquía de los miembros dentro de la red coopetitiva; la pared de la comunidad coopetitiva no está completamente sellado porque hay puertas de entrada y salida. Estos resultados abren una nueva vía para la investigación futura.
Palabras clave:
- Coopetición,
- Especifidades de las pequeñas empresas,
- Dirigente-proprietario,
- Ley proxémica,
- Agencias immobiliarias
Appendices
Références
- Bengtsson, M. et Johansson, M. (2014). Managing coopetition to create opportunities for small firms. International small business journal, 32(4), 40-427.
- Bengtsson, M. et Kock, S. (1999). Cooperation and competition in relationships between competitors in business networks. Journal of business & industrial marketing, 14(3), 178-194.
- Bengtsson, M. et Kock, S. (2000). Coopetition in business networks to cooperate and compete simultaneously. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(5), 411-426.
- Bengtsson, M. et Kock, S. (2014). Coopetition. Quo vadis ? Past accomplishments and future challenges. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(2), 180-188.
- Bonel, E., Pellizzari, P. et Rocco, E. (2008). Coopetition and complementarities : modeling coopetition strategy and its risks at an individual partner level. Management Research : Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 6(3), 189-205.
- Bouncken, R.B. et Fredrich, V. (2012). Coopetition : performance implications and management antecedents. International Journal of Innovation Management, 16(5), 1-29.
- Brandenburger, A.M. et Nalebuff, B.J. (1996). Co-opetition. New York, Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.
- Charreire Petit, S. et Durieux, F. (2007). Explorer et tester : les deux voix de la recherche. Dans R.A. Thietart (dir.), Méthodes de recherche en management (p. 58-83). Paris, Dunod.
- Chen, M.-J. (2008). Reconceptualizing the competition. Cooperation relationship a transparadox perspective. Journal of Management Inquiry, 17(4), 288-304.
- Chiambaretto, P. (2011). La coopétition ou la métamorphose d’un néologisme managérial en concept. Le Libellio d’Aegis, 7(1), 95-104.
- Courrent, J.M. et Torrès, O. (2005). A proxemic approach of small business : the case of business ethics. 50th International Council of Small Business (ICSB). Washington, 15-18 juin.
- Cusin, J., Loubaresse, E. et Charreire Petit, S. (2013). Analyse d’une dynamique de coopétition conflictuelle : l’affaire du classement 2006 des vins de l’AOC Saint-Émilion. Revue internationale PME, 26(2), 103-125.
- Czakon, W. (2010). Emerging coopetition : an empirical investigation of coopetition as inter-organizational relationship instability. Coopetition. Winning Strategies for the 21st Century. Edward Elgar Pub, 58-73.
- Czakon, W., Mucha-Kus, K. et Rogalski, M. (2014). Coopetition research landscape. A systematic literature review 1997-2010. Journal of Economics & Management, 17, 122-150.
- Dana, L.P. et Guieu, G. (2014). Entrepreneuriat coopétitif : comment intégrer la concurrence dans un contexte coopératif ? Une enquête auprès des éleveurs de rennes sames. Revue internationale PME, 27(3-4), 173-191.
- Das, T.K. et Rahman, N. (2002). Opportunism dynamics in strategic alliances. Cooperative strategies and alliances, 1, 89-118.
- Das, T.K. et Teng, B.S. (2002). The dynamics of alliance conditions in the alliance development process. Journal of Management Studies, 39(5), 725-746.
- Das, T.K. et Teng, B.S. (2004). The risk-based view of trust : a conceptual framework. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(1), 85-116.
- Dussauge, P., Garrette, B. et Mitchell, W. (2000). Learning from competing partners : outcomes and durations of scale and link alliances in Europe, North America and Asia. Strategic management journal, 21(2), 99-126.
- Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
- Fernandez, A.S., Le Roy, F. et Gnyawali, D.R. (2014). Sources and management of tension in co-opetition case evidence from telecommunications satellites manufacturing in Europe. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(2), 222-235.
- Gnyawali, D.R. et Park, B.J.R. (2009). Co-opetition and technological innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises : a multilevel conceptual model. Journal of Small Business Management, 47(3), 308-330.
- Gnyawali, D.R. et Park, B.J.R. (2011). Co-opetition between giants : collaboration with competitors for technological innovation. Research Policy, 40(5), 650-663.
- Granata, J. et Le Roy, F. (2014). Le management de la coopétition en PE : le cas des vignerons du Pic Saint-Loup. Finance Contrôle Stratégie, 17(2), 1-16.
- Hamel, G. (1991). Competition for competence and interpartner learning within international strategic alliances. Strategic management journal, 12(1), 83-103.
- Hamel, G., Doz, Y.L. et Prahalad, C.K. (1989). Collaborate with your competitors and win. Harvard business review, 67(1), 133-139.
- INSEE (2013). Principales caractéristiques des entreprises par catégorie en 2011. Récupéré le 5 mars 2013 sur le site : www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ESANE033.
- Julien, P.-A. (2000). The state of the art in small business and entrepreneurship (2e édition). Brockfield, Ashgate.
- Khanna, T., Gulati, R. et Nohria, N. (1998). The dynamics of learning alliances : competition, cooperation, and relative scope. Strategic management journal, 19(3), 193-210.
- Kock, S., Nisuls, J. et Söderqvist, A. (2010). Co-opetition : a source of international opportunities in finnish SMEs. Competitiveness Review : An International Business Journal, 20(2), 111-125.
- Lado, A.A., Boyd, N.G. et Hanlon, S.C. (1997). Competition, cooperation, and the search for economic rents : a syncretic model. Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 110-141.
- Le Roy, F. et Fernandez, A.S. (2015). Managing coopetitive tensions at the working‐group level : the rise of the coopetitive project team. British Journal of Management, 26(4), 671-688.
- Le Roy, F. et Sanou, F.H. (2014). Does coopetition strategy improve market performance ? An empirical study in mobile phone industry. Journal of Economics & Management, 17, 64-92.
- Le Roy, F. et Yami, S. (2007). Les stratégies de coopétition. Revue française de gestion, 7(176), 83-86.
- Levy, M., Loebbecke, C. et Powell, P. (2003). SMEs, co-opetition and knowledge sharing : the role of information systems. European Journal of Information Systems, 12(1), 3-17.
- Marchesnay, M. (2011). Fifty years of entrepreneurship and SME : a personal view. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 18(2), 352-365.
- Marchesnay, M. (2014). Strategic scanning of small entrepreneurs : a pragmatic view. Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, 14(2), 105-120.
- Miles, M.B. et Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis : an expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
- Miles, M.B. et Huberman, A.M. (2003). Analyse des données qualitatives. Bruxelles, De Boeck Supérieur.
- Moles, A. et Rohmer, E. (1976). Micropsychologie et la vie quotidienne. Paris, Denoël-Gonthier.
- Moles, A. et Rohmer, E. (1978). La psychologie de l’espace (2e édition). Paris, Casterman.
- Morris, M.H., Koçak, A. et Özer, A. (2007). Coopetition as a small business strategy : implications for performance. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 18(1), 35-55.
- Oshri, I. et Weeber, C. (2006). Cooperation and competition standards-setting activities in the digitization era : the case of wireless information devices. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 18(2), 265-283.
- Park, S.H. et Russo, M.V. (1996). When competition eclipses cooperation : an event history analysis of joint venture failure. Management science, 42(6), 875-890.
- Pellegrin-Boucher, E., Le Roy, F. et Gurau, C. (2013). Coopetitive strategies in the ICT sector : typology and stability. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 25(1), 71-89.
- Quintana-Garcia, C. et Benavides-Velasco, C.A. (2004). Cooperation, competition, and innovative capability : a panel data of European dedicated biotechnology firms. Technovation, 24(12), 927-938.
- Rindfleisch, A. et Moorman, C. (2003). Interfirm cooperation and customer orientation. Journal of Marketing Research, 40(4), 421-436.
- Ritala, P. (2009). Is coopetition different from cooperation ? The impact of market rivalry on value creation in alliances. International Journal of Intellectual Property Management, 3(1), 39-55.
- Ritala, P. (2012). Coopetition strategy, when is it successful ? Empirical evidence on innovation and market performance. British Journal of Management, 23(3), 307-324.
- Ritala, P., Hallikas, J. et Sissonen, H. (2008). The effect of strategic alliances between key competitors on firm performance. Management Research : Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 6(3), 179-187.
- Ritala, P. et Tidström, A. (2014). Untangling the value-creation and value-appropriation elements of coopetition strategy : a longitudinal analysis on the firm and relational levels. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 30(4), 498-515.
- Robert, F., Marques, P. et Le Roy, F. (2009). Coopetition between SMEs : an empirical study of french professional football. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 8(1), 23-43.
- Sanou, F.H., Le Roy, F. et Gnyawali, D.R. (2016). How does centrality in coopetition networks matter ? An empirical investigation in the mobile telephone industry. British Journal of Management, 27(1), 143-160.
- Schwach, V. (1993). Phénoménologie et proxémique : la méthode d’Abraham Moles. Congrès international de Sociologie, Centenaire de l’Institut de sociologie de Paris. Paris, Sorbonne.
- Thomason, S.J., Simendinger, E. et Kiernan, D. (2013). Several determinants of successful coopetition in small business. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 26(1), 15-28.
- Tidström, A. (2009). Causes of conflict in intercompetitor cooperation. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 24(7), 506-518.
- Torrès, O. (2003). Petitesse des entreprises et grossissement des effets de proximité. Revue française de gestion, 3(144), 119-138.
- Torrès, O. (2004a). The proximity law of small business management : between closeness and closure. 49th International Council of Small Business (ICSB). Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Torrès, O. (2004b). The SME concept of Pierre-André Julien : an analysis in terms of proximity. Piccola Impresa/Small Business, 17(2), 51-62.
- Torrès, O. (2006). The proximity law of small business finance. 51st International Council of Small Business. Melbourne, Autralie, 18-21 juin.
- Torrès, O. et Gueguen, G. (2008). Incidence de la loi proxémique sur la perception de l’incertitude des PME. Revue internationale PME, 21(1), 93-117.
- Torrès, O. et Julien, P.-A. (2005). Specificity and denaturing of small business. International Small Business Journal, 23(4), 355-377.
- Yami, S. (2010). Coopetition strategies : towards a new form of inter-organizational dynamics ? S. Yami, S. Castaldo, G.B. Dagnino et F. Le Roy (dir.), Coopetition : winning strategies for the 21st Century (p. 1-16). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Royaume-Uni/ Northampton, Massachusetts, États-Unis.
- Yin, R.K. (1981). The case study crisis : some answers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, p. 58-65.
- Yin, R.K. (1984). Case study research, design and methods. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.