Abstracts
Résumé
La quasi-totalité des travaux sur la coopétition porte sur l’émergence de la coopération dans un milieu concurrentiel. La compétition peut-elle émerger d’un substrat relationnel coopératif ? Une partie de la littérature en entrepreneuriat s’intéresse à l’entrepreneuriat indigène. C’est dans ce contexte particulier que nous abordons les relations coopétitives, plus précisément dans le contexte du peuple same. Les Sames sont le peuple indigène du Nord de la Scandinavie, vivant en Norvège, en Suède, en Finlande et dans la péninsule russe de Kola. L’élevage de rennes, activité exercée dans un cadre familial, reste un mode de vie à forte valeur sociale. Une étude ethnographique réalisée auprès des entrepreneurs sames révèle que la raison de l’élevage est le maintien de la tradition, et pas nécessairement la maximisation des profits. L’élevage de rennes n’étant plus que d’un intérêt économique limité, nombre d’entrepreneurs sames ont développé des activités complémentaires pour compenser la baisse de revenu de l’élevage, tout en préservant la valeur sociale d’une forme d’entrepreneuriat culturellement valorisé. Pour gérer ces relations coopétitives, les entrepreneurs cloisonnent leurs relations coopératives, aux enjeux culturels et territoriaux, de leurs relations concurrentielles, dont les enjeux sont économiques. Des implications en matière de coopétition et d’entrepreneuriat en sont tirées.
Mots-clés :
- Coopétition,
- Entrepreneuriat indigène,
- Sames,
- Élevage de rennes
Abstract
Almost all research about co-opetition examines the emergence of co-operation in a competitive environment. Can competition emerge from a co-operative context ? While there is growing literature about indigenous entrepreneurship, this article focuses on competitive relationships among Sami people – the indigenous nation of northern Norway, Sweden and Finland and Russia’s Kola Peninsula. Reindeer herding, an activity traditionally done as a family, holds strong social value. Our ethnographic study reveals that maximisation of profits is not a sufficient explanatory variable to explain traditional reindeer herding. With limited economic returns from herding, many Sami herders rely on secondary occupations for supplementary income. To manage the resulting co-opetitive relationships, entrepreneurs compartmentalise co-operative relationships based on cultural and territorial issues, and competitive relationships based on economic considerations. Implications in terms of co-opetition and entrepreneurship are drawn.
Keywords:
- Co-opetition,
- Indigenous entrepreneurship,
- Sámi,
- Reindeer husbandry
Resumen
La casi totalidad de las investigaciones sobre coopetición se centra en elsurgimiento de la cooperación en un ambiente competitivo. ¿ Existen casos en que la competencia surge de un contexto cooperativo ? Una parte de la literatura en emprendimiento se interesa a un contexto específico del ejercicio del emprendimiento: el emprendimiento indígena. Es en el contexto específico del pueblo sami que abordamos el tema de las relaciones coopetitivas. Los sami son la población indígena del norte de la Escandinavia. Ellos viven actualmente en Noruega, Suecia, Finlandia y en la península rusa de Kola. El pastoreo de renos, actividad ejercida en un entorno familiar desde hace mucho tiempo, ha sido y sigue siendo un modo de vida con un alto valor social. Un estudio etnográfico realizado con los empresarios sami demuestra que el motivo del pastoreo es la preservación de la tradición, por encima dela maximización de los beneficios. Pues bien, hoy en día, ya que el pastoreo de renos es solo de un interés económico limitado, numerosos emprendedores sami desarrollan actividades complementarias para compensar el déficit de ingresos del pastoreo, preservando el valor social de un modelo empresarial culturalmente valorado. Para gestionar estas relaciones coopetitivas, los empresarios separan sus relaciones cooperativas, cuyos desafíos son culturales y territoriales, de sus relaciones con la competencia, cuyos desafíos son económicos. Se concluye a implicaciones en materia de coopetición y emprendimiento.
Palabras clave:
- Coopetición,
- Emprendimiento indígena,
- Sami,
- Pastoreo de renos
Appendices
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