Abstracts
Résumé
À partir de l’étude d’une base de 297 licences internationales collectées auprès des membres de la « Licensing Executive Society », nous montrons que les stratégies de licence défensive sont déployées principalement par de petites entreprises qui n’ont pas les ressources nécessaires pour exclure seules les contrefacteurs potentiels. Par ailleurs, nous mettons en évidence la nature paradoxale de ces stratégies pour le bien-être du breveté. Nous montrons notamment que l’implication du licencié dans la défense des brevets concédés va généralement de pair avec une augmentation des risques contractuels pour le concédant.
Mots-clés :
- Licences de technologie,
- Brevets,
- PME
Abstract
Relying on a database of 297 agreements collected from the Licensing Executives Society International members, I show that defensive strategies are implemented mainly by small firms that do not have enough resources in order to cope with potential piracy. Moreover I highlight the paradoxal nature of these strategies as defensive clauses usually increase the contractual risks for the licensor.
Keywords:
- Technology licensing,
- Patents,
- SME
Resumen
A partir del estudio de una base de 297 licencias internacionales informadas por los miembros de la Licensing Executive Society, mostramos que las estrategias de licencia defensiva son principalmente implementadas por las pequeñas empresas que no disponen de los recursos necesarios par excluir solas los potenciales infractores. Por otra parte, evidenciamos la naturaleza paradójica de estas estrategias para el bienestar del titular de la patente. Mostramos especialmente que la implicación del licenciatario en la defensa de los patentes objetos de la licencia suele generar un crecimiento de los riesgos contractuales para el titular de la patente.
Palabras clave:
- Licencias de tecnología,
- Patente,
- PyME
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Acs Z.J., Mork R., Shaver J.M. et YeungB. (1997), The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises : a policy perspective, Small Business Economics, 9, 1, 7-20.
- Arora A. et FosfuriA. (2003), Licensing the market for technology, Journal of Economic Behavior et Organization, 52, 2, 277-295.
- Arrow K. (1983), Innovation in large and small firms, dans Entrepreneurship, J. Ronen (dir.), Lexington, MA, Lexington Books, 15-22.
- Arundel A. et KablaI. (1998), What percentage of innovations are patented ? Empirical estimates for european firms, Research Policy, 27, 2, 127-141.
- Arundel A. et SteinmullerS. (1998), The use of patent databases by small and medium sized enterprises, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 10, 2, 57-173.
- Atamer T., Durand R. et Raynaud E. (2005), Développer l’innovation, Revue Française de Gestion, 155, 2, 13-21.
- Aulakh P., Cavusgil S. et SarkarM. (1998), Compensation in international licensing agreements, Journal of International Business Studies, 29, 2, 409-419.
- Ayerbe C. et MitkovaL. (2005), Quelle organisation pour la valorisation des brevets d’invention ? Le cas d’air liquide, Revue Française de Gestion, 155, 2, 191-206.
- Bessy C. et BrousseauE. (1997), Brevet, protection et diffusion des connaissances : une relecture néo-institutionnelle de la règle de droit, Revue d’économie Industrielle, 79, 1, 233-259.
- Bessy C. et BrousseauE. (1998), Technology licensing contract : features and diversity, International Review of Law and Economics, 18, 4, 451-489.
- Bessy C. et Brousseau E. (2003), Contrats de licence et innovation, dans Encyclopédie de l’Innovation, P. Mustar et H. Pénan (dir.), Paris, Economica, 341-366.
- Boldrini J.-C. (2008), Caractériser les pratiques de conception des PME pour mieux accompagner leurs projets d’innovation, Revue internationale PME, 28, 1, 9-34.
- Bonhomme Y., Corbel P. et SebaiJ. (2005), Différences entre « big pharmas » et « biotechs » – Qu’en disent leurs brevets ?, Revue Française de Gestion, 31, 155, 117-133.
- Brouwer E. et KleinknechtA. (1999), Innovative output, and a firm’s propensity to patent : an exploration of CIS micro data, Research Policy, 28, 6, 615-624.
- Coase R. (1937), The nature of the firm, Economica, 4, 16, 386-405.
- Cohen W., Nelson R. et WalshJ. (2000), Protecting their intellectual assets : appropriability conditions and why US manufacturing firms patent (or not), Working Paper, 7752.
- Corbel P. (2006), Hypercompétition, rentes et brevet : vers une nouvelle approche des stratégies de management des droits de la propriété industrielle, La Revue des Sciences de Gestion, 218, mars-avril, 45-51.
- Crevoisier O., Amgwerd L. et TissotN. (2005), La propriété intellectuelle et les PME : quels enjeux et quelles pratiques, Revue internationale PME, 18, 2, 9-34.
- Demsetz H. (1967), Toward a theory of property rights, American Economic Review, 57, 5, 347-359.
- Ellis P. et Pecotich A. (2001), Social factors influencing export initiation in small and medium-sized enterprises, Journal of Marketing Research, 38, 1, 119-130.
- Eswaran M. (1994a), Cross-licensing of competing patents as a facilitating device, Canadian Journal of Economics, 27, 3, 689-708.
- Eswaran M. (1994b), Licensees as entry barriers, Canadian Journal of Economics, 27, 3, 673-688.
- Farrell J. et GalliniN. (1988), Second-sourcing as a commitment : monopoly incentives to attract competition, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 103, 4, 673-694.
- Fosfuri A. (2000), Patent protection, imitation and the mode of technology transfer, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 18, 7, 1129-1149.
- Gallini N. (1984), Deterrence by market sharing : a strategic incentive for licensing, American Economic Review, 74, 5, 931-941.
- Gallini N. (2002), The economics of patents : lessons from recent US patent reform, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16, 1, 131-154.
- Gallini N. et WinterR. (1985), Licensing in the theory of innovation, Rand Journal of Economics, 16, 2, 237-252.
- Gambardella A., Giuri P. et LuzziA. (2007), The market for patents in Europe, Research Policy, 36, 8, 1163-1183.
- Grindley P. et TeeceD. (1997), Managing intellectual capital : licensing and cross licensing in semiconducors and electronics, California Management Review, 39, 2, 8-44.
- Hall B. et ZiedonisR. (2001), The patent paradox revisited : an empirical study of patenting in the US semiconductor industry 1979-1985, Rand Journal of Economics, 32, 1, 101-128.
- Hanel P. (2004), Current intellectual protection practices by manufacturing firms in Canada, Working Papers, Université de Sherbrooke, 57 p.
- Hendrickx J. (2004), Using standardised tables for interpretating loglinear models, Quality and Quantity, 38, 5, 603-620.
- Holgerson M. (2013), Patent management in entrepreneurial SMEs : a literature review and an empirical study of innovation appropriation, patent propensity, and motives, R et D Management, 43, 1, 21-36.
- Jensen P. et WebsterE. (2006), Firm size and the use of intellectual property rights, Economic Record, 82, 25, 44-55.
- Julien P.-A. et CarrierC. (2005), Innovation et PME, dans Les PME : bilan et perspectives, 3e edition, Julien P.-A. (dir.), Presses inter-universitaires du Québec, 291-314.
- Katz M. et ShapiroC. (1986a), How to license intangible property, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101, 3, 567-590.
- Katz M. et Shapiro C. (1986b), Technology adoption in the presence of network externalities, Journal of Political Economy, 94, 4, 822-884.
- Keupp M., Lhuillery S., Garcia-Torres M.A. et RaffoJ. (2009), Economic focus study on Smes and intellectual property in Switzerland, dans le 2e rapport de l’Institut fédéral de la propriété intellectuelle sur les PME, Bern, 5 juin.
- Kitching J. et BlackburnR. (1998), Intellectual property management in the small and medium enterprise (SME), Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 5, 4, 327-335.
- Kultti K. et Takado T. (2002), Hold-ups and asymmetric information in a technology transfer : the micronas case, Journal of Technology Transfer, 27, 3, 233-243.
- Lallement R. (2008), Politique des brevets : l’enjeu central de la qualité, face à l’évolution des pratiques, Horizons Stratégiques, 1, 7, 93-110.
- Lanjouw J. et Schankerman M. (2004), Protecting intellectual property rights : are small firms handicapped ?, Journal of Law and Economics, 47, 1, 45-74.
- Lefebvre L. et LefebvreE. (1993), Competitive positioning and innovative efforts in SMEs, Small Business Economics, 5, 4, 297-305.
- Lescure M. (2001), Histoire d’une redécouverte : les PME, Entreprise et Histoire, 28, 2, 5-9.
- Levin R., Klevorick A. et Nelson R. (1987), Appropriating the returns from industrial RetD, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1987, 3, 783-820.
- Lin P. (1996), Fixed-fee licensing of innovations and collusion, Journal of Industrial Economics, 44, 4, 443-449.
- MacDonald S. et TurpinL. (2007), Technology transfer and IPR policy for small and medium firms in South-East Asia, Prometheus, 25, 4, 363-372.
- MacGavock D., Hass D. et PatinM. (1992), Factors affecting royalty rates, Les Nouvelles, juin, 107-116.
- Mansfield E. (1986), Patents and innovation : an empirical study, Management Science, 32, 2, 173-181.
- Marchesnay M. (1980), Note de lecture sur la petite entreprise, Revue d’économie Industrielle, 11, 1, 141-146.
- Megantz R. (2002), Technologymanagement : developing and implementing effective licensing programs, New York, John Wiley et Sons, 264 p.
- Mitkova I. et CorbelP. (2010), Entrevue d’Alfred Chaouat, senior vice-président de Technicolor en charge des activités de licensing, Président du LES France, Management International, 14, 3, 87-109.
- Mothe C. et InghamM. (2003), Apprentissages et confiance au sein d’une alliance technologique, Revue Française de Gestion, 29, mai-juin, 111-128.
- Nagaoka S. (2007), Does strong patent protection facilitate international technology transfer ? Some evidence from licensing contracts of Japanese firms, Journal of Technology Transfer, 34, 2, 128-144.
- Obayashi O. et YamadaS. (2009), Evaluation of SMEs innovativeness using patent stock variables, International Journal of Business and Management Science, 1, 2, 221-229.
- Ocde (2008), Compendium of patent statistics, http://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/37569377.pdf, consulté le 15 décembre 2013.
- Oseo (2009), PME et brevets, Regards sur la PME, 18.
- Pedersen T. et PetersenB. (1998), Explaining gradually increasing resource commitment to a foreign market, International Business Review, 7, 5, 483-501.
- Pitkethly R. (2012), Intellectual property awareness, International Journal of Technology Management, 59, 3-4, 163-179.
- Posner R. (1986), Economic Analysis of Law, Londres, Little Brown and Co, 666 p.
- Rassenfosse G. (2012), How SMEs exploit their intellectual property assets : evidence from survey data, Small Business Economics, 39, 2, 437-452.
- Rockett K. (1989), The quality of licensed technology, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 8, 1, 559-574.
- Rockett K. (1990), Choosing the competition and the patent licensing, Rand Journal of Economics, 21, 1, 161-171.
- Rommer C. et Schmiele A. (2009), Drivers and effects of internationalizing innovation by SMEs, International Journal of Business and Management Science, 1, 2, 221-229.
- Roos M.J. (1983), A case history : workmate, Les Nouvelles, juin, 102-111.
- Sattin J.-F (2004), Théorie et pratique des licences défensives de propriété intellectuelle, Association française de science économique, Paris, 16-17 septembre.
- Sattin J.-F (2012), Procédures d’audit et gestion des licences de brevets : une analyse transactionnelle, Revue d’Économie Industrielle, 139, 3, 77-99.
- Shapiro C. (1985), Patent licensing and RetD rivalry, American Economic Review, 75, 2, 25-30.
- Shepard A. (1987), Licensing to enhance demand for new technologies, Rand Journal of Economics, 18, 3, 630-638.
- Taylor C. et SilberstonZ. (1973), The economic impact of the patent system : a study of the british experience, Université de Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 408 p.
- Teece D. (1986), Profiting from technological innovation : implication for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy, Research Policy, 15, 6, 286-305.
- Thumm N. (2004), Motives for patenting biotechnological inventions : an empirical investigation in Switzerland, International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management, 4, 3, 275-285.
- Wakasugi R. et BanriI. (2009), The effects of stronger intellectual property rights on technology transfer : evidence from japanese firm-level data, Journal of Technology Transfer, 3, 4, 145-158.
- Williamson O. (1996), The mechanisms of governance, New York, Oxford University Press, 448 p.
- Zaheer S. (1995), Overcoming liability of foreigness, Academy of Management Journal, 38, 2, 341-363.
10.7202/044295ar