Abstracts
Abstract
Logicians commonly understand nonmonotonic types of reasoning can warrant rational acceptance of conclusions. The significance and legitimacy of these forms of arguments, which were long considered fallacious, has been contentious among logicians in the Aristotelian logical tradition. In contrast, Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), has long recognised the importance of non-deductive forms of reasoning, and demonstrated how conventionally understood fallacies are not essentially fallacies. Qiyās – generally representing analogical reasoning – is such a case of defeasible reasoning in Islamic legal theories. I show through works of two emblematic medieval Muslim jurist-logicians, al-Juwainī and al-Ghazzālī, that understanding the legitimacy of non-deductive forms of arguments is core to Islamic legal theories (usūl al-fiqh), which proposed a dialectical method (jadal) of approach.
Keywords:
- fallacies,
- Islamic argumentation,
- Islamic legal theories,
- non-deductive argument
Résumé
Les logiciens comprennent généralement que les types de raisonnement non monotones peuvent justifier l’acceptation rationnelle des conclusions. L’importance et la légitimité de ces formes d’arguments, qui ont longtemps été considérées comme fallacieuses, ont été controversées parmi les logiciens de la tradition logique aristotélicienne. En revanche, la jurisprudence islamique (fiqh) a depuis longtemps reconnu l’importance des formes de raisonnement non déductives et a démontré que les sophismes conventionnellement compris ne sont pas essentiellement des sophismes. Le qiyās – qui représente généralement le raisonnement analogique – est un exemple de raisonnement réfutable dans l’argumentation islamique. Je montre à travers les travaux de deux juristes-logiciens musulmans médiévaux emblématiques, al-Juwainī et al-Ghazzālī, que la compréhension de la légitimité des formes d’arguments non déductives est au cœur des théories juridiques islamiques (usūl al-fiqh), qui ont proposé une méthode d’approche dialectique (jadal).
Appendices
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